Basic Principles of Power Generation

PRINCIPLES OF POWER
GENERATION

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Power Generating Methods

Steam turbines
Gas turbines
Nuclear reactors
Hydro plants
Diesel engines
Tidal Wave
Wind turbines
Co-generation
power generation & processes
Fuel cells
Using a variety of chemicals

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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TE WA
(64MW)
2 x 34MW GT

Major Generating Stations in

Peninsular Malaysia

GLGR
(110MW)
1 x 110MW GT
P RAI
(360MW)
3 x 120MW CON V
S GRI
(1303MW)
2 x 651.5MW CC
P KLG
(1584MW)
4 x 300MW CON V
3 x 110MW GT
2 x 27MW GT
CBP S
(884MW)
1 x 300MW CC
4 x 130MW GT
2 x 34MW GT
P DPW
(440MW)
4 x 110MW GT

P ERGAU 4x150 MW
BE RSIA 3x23 MW
TE MEN GOR
KE NE RIN G
4x82 MW
3x36 MW
S G. PIAH U PP ER
KE NYIR 4x100 MW
CH ENDEROH 2x7.3 MW
3x10 MW
1x8 MW

P AKA
(1113MW)
3 x 284MW C C
1 x 261MW C C

L E GE ND
P OWER STAT ION
Hydro
TN B

YTL PAKA
(834MW)

IPP

2 x 417MW C C
J OR 4x25 MW
WOH 3 x 50 MW
ODAK 3x1.4 MW

SOUTH CHINA
SEA
S RDG
(610MW)
2 x 110MW G T
3 x 130MW G T
GSYN
(710MW)
1 x710MW CC

YTL PG
(417MW)
1 x 417MW C C
P GP S
(789MW)
2 x 120MW C ONV
1 x 261MW C C
2 x 110MW GT
2 x 34MW GT

TJ P S
(330MW)
2 x 57MW CON V
2 x 55MW CON V
3 x 120MW C ONV
P WT K

Basic Principles
(440MW) of Power
Generation
4 x 110MW GT

MCCA
(330MW)
1 x 330MW C C

Note:
CC - Combined Cycle
GT - Gas Turbine
CONV - Conventional Thermal
Design by Zul

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Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Principles of Plant Operation

Modern power station (bigger output capacity)
Based load operation
Intermediate power plant (smaller units)
top up load demand
Gas turbine, oil fired & or hydro plant
Peak load demand
Rapid response to load demand
High cost operation
Wind turbine, wave
Control system frequency
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Principles of Power Generation

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Steam Plant Major Components

Boiler & its auxiliaries
Combustion system
Combustion air & flue gas system
Fuel system
Feedwater system
Turbine & its auxiliaries
Steam systems (main & reheat steam)
Cooling system (condenser, bearing, generator etc)
Condensate system
Turbine bearing lubricating oil system
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Steam Turbine Power Generation

Power generating concept
Steam (heat energy) mechanical energy (rotational
energy) electrical energy
Steam (superheated) is produced in boiler (steam
generator).
Undergoing several processes
Rotate turbine
Generator
Produce electrical load.

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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MAIN GRID IN
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
PERLIS

LANGKAWI

Chuping

Kangar

Kuah

Kota
Bharu
Kota Setar

Alor
Setar

YAN

KEDAH
Gurun

Tanah Merah

Bedong

PRAI

Georgetown

Bukit Tengah

PULAU PINANG
GELUGOR

PERGAU
BERSIA

Junjung
Bukit Tambun

TEMENGOR
KENERING

Kuala
Terengganu

KELANTAN

SG PIAH UPPER
SG PIAH LOWER
CHENDEROH

KENYIR

TERENGGANU

Kuala Kangsar

PERAK

PAKA

Ipoh
Papan

YTL

Batu Gajah

SEGARI

JOR

Ayer Tawar

Telok Kalong

WOH
ODAK

JANAMANJUNG

PAHANG

Bukit Tarek

Kg Awah

SELANGOR
KAPAR

KL (E)
KL (N)
Shah
Alam KL (S)

WILAYAH
PERSEKUTUAN

CONNAUGHT
BRIDGE

GENTING
SANYEN

Legend

SERDANG

Hicom G

Lenggeng

NEGERI SEMBILAN
Salak Tinggi
Seremban

PD
POWER PORT
DICKSON
POWERTEK

Hydro Power Station

MELAKA

Thermal Power Station

State Capital

Kuantan

MELAKA
Melaka
Melaka

Yong Peng (E)

Yong Peng (N)

JOHOR

Sedili

Major TNB Substation

Bukit Batu
Existing
500kV Overhead Line
300kV HVDC Line
275kV Overhead Line
275kV Cable

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

Planned

Scudai

Johor
Bahru

YTL

PASIR
GUDANG

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Steam Cycle

A boiler generates steam (high temp. & press)

Steam expands in the turbine, producing work.
Drive generator
Condenser cools the steam
Pumped into the boiler ( using boiler feed pump)
Flow through feedwater heaters (preheat boiler water)
Reheat steam (to increase steam temp.)

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Basic Steam Cycle

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Basic Rankine Cycle

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Types of turbine
Shaft Arrangements
Tandem compound
Cross compound
Pressure
High press., Intermediate press. & Low press.
Blading
Impulse (HP turbine blade)
Reaction (LP blade)
Exhaust
Extraction
Electric power & process
Condensing

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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CROSS COMPOUND
TURBINE
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

Mitsubishis 1,000MW -class steam

turbines define high-temperature, highpressure, high-output performance.
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TANDEM COMPOUND
TURBINE
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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SINGLE SHAFT
TURBINE

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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SINGLE SHAFT
TURBINE
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Power Generating Plant

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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X-section of a steam turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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ST HP Rotor

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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ST IP Rotor

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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LP Rotor

Basic Principles of Power

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Tandem
Compound
Turbine
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Steam turbine operation principles

Impulse turbine
The steam press decreases (at nozzle)[first stage]
Press constant (at fixed & rotating blades)
The enthalpy of the steam decreases
The steam velocity increases (at nozzle)
The volume of the steam increases
Reaction turbine
Steam press decreases
Velocity increases at fixed blades
Velocity decreases at rotating blades
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Condensing Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

Straight-condensing turbines
are advantageous, especially
when large quantities of a
reliable power source are
required or an inexpensive
fuel, such as process byproduct gas, is readily
available. To improve plant
thermal efficiency, steam is
usually extracted from the
intermediate stage of the
turbine for feedwater heating.

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Extraction-Condensing Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

Extraction-condensing turbines
generate both process steam
and stable electric power.
Process steam, at one or more
fixed pressures, can be
automatically extracted as
needed. This type of turbine
has the flexibility to satisfy
wide variations of process
steam at a constant pressure
and to meet electric power
demands

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Back-Pressure Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

Back-pressure turbines can be

used when a large quantity of
process steam is required. The
turbine exhaust steam is
supplied to the process and the
electric output is dependent on
the demand for the process
steam. These turbines can also
be used as top turbines to
supply exhaust steam to
existing units; this improves
the entire plant's thermal
efficiency.

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Extraction Back-Pressure Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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 Extraction back-pressure turbines can be

used when two or more kinds of process
steam are required. High-pressure steam is
supplied through the extraction openings
and low-pressure steam is supplied through
as the turbine exhaust. Electric output is
dependent on the demand for process
steam.
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Mixed-Pressure Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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 Mixed-pressure turbines are driven by two

or more kinds of steam admitted
independently to the turbine. In applying
duel heat sources, the optimum steam
condition for each source can be selected.
This type of turbine can also be used to
combine an existing boiler and a new
boiler, which makes it an effective means
of improving plant thermal efficiency.
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Geared Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Geared Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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 Geared turbines can be applied to smaller

power generation units of up to around 40
MW. Compared with direct-coupled turbines,
geared turbines have many advantages:
Higher efficiency
Easier operation and maintenance
Smaller initial investment
Smaller space requirement
Shorter delivery time
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Single-Cylinder Reheat Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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 Traditionally, non-reheat turbines have been used for

industrial applications. Recent demands, however, for
higher efficiency and larger unit capacity call for reheat
turbines in this field. Taking these demands into
consideration, we have developed single-cylinder reheat
turbines that are applicable to the 75 MW to 200 MW
range. Single-cylinder reheat turbines offer
Smaller space requirements
Shorter construction and erection periods
Easier operation and maintenance
Shorter overhaul periods
Smaller initial investments
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Two-Cylinder Reheat Turbines

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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 Two-cylinder reheat turbines can be used

when a very high efficiency is required for
steam turbines larger than 75 MW

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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LP TURBINE ROTOR
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Gas Turbine
Methods of Gas Turbine power generation
Open Cycle
Combined Cycle
Two types of Gas Turbine
Industrial Gas Turbine
Derivative Gas Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Single-Shaft Combined-Cycle Power Plant

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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HRSG

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Basic Principles of Power

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Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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DERIVATIVE GAS TURBINE

Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Combined Cycle Gas Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE

Basic Principles of Power
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CCGT

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Basic Principles of Power

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Basic Principles of Power

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GT Main Components
Compressor
Combustor
Silo (Single or Twin Silo)
Annular
Can Annular
Turbine
Exhaust

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Basic Principles of Power

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Basic Principles of Power

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Basic Principles of Power

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Basic Principles of Power

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Derivative Gas Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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ABB GT13E2

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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ABB GT11N2

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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GT:
Compressor &
Turbine Blade
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Can Annular Combustor

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Annular Combustor

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Hydro Power Generation

Types of Hydro Generation
Dam
Run of river
Pump storage

Run of River

Hydro Dam
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Types of Hydropower Plants

Run-of-river plants
These plants use little, if any, stored water to provide water
flow through the turbines. Although some plants store a day
or week's worth of water, weather changes especially seasonal
changes cause run-of-river plants to experience significant
fluctuations in power output.
Storage plants
These plants have enough storage capacity to off-set seasonal
fluctuations in water flow and provide a constant supply of
electricity throughout the year. Large dams can store several
years worth of water.
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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 Pumped Storage
In contrast to conventional hydropower plants, pumped
storage plants reuse water. After water initially produces
electricity, it flows from the turbines into a lower
reservoir located below the dam. During off-peak hours
(periods of low energy demand), some of the water is
pumped into an upper reservoir and reused during periods
of peak-demand.

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Hydro
Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Micro Hydro Systems

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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How Hydropower Works

Hydropower converts the energy in flowing water into
electricity.
The quantity of electricity generated is determined by the
volume of water flow and the amount of "head" (the
height from turbines in the power plant to the water
surface) created by the dam.
The greater the flow and head, the more electricity
produced.

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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 A typical hydropower plant includes a dam, reservoir,

penstocks (pipes), a powerhouse and an electrical power
substation.
The dam stores water and creates the head
Penstocks carry water from the reservoir to turbines
inside the powerhouse
The water rotates the turbines, which drive generators
that produce electricity.
The electricity is then transmitted to a substation where
transformers increase voltage to allow transmission to
homes, businesses and factories

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Francis Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Hydro plant main systems

Main Intake (Water reservoir)

Penstock
Spiral Casing
Inlet Guide Vane
Turbine
Draft
Tailrace
Generator

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Pergau
Francis
Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Tailrace

Spillway
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

Penstock
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Francis

Pelton

Kaplan
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

Francis
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Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Basic Principles of Power

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Spiral Casing

Basic Principles of Power

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Basic Principles of Power

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Basic Principles of Power

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Diesel Engine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Diesel Engine
Two basic types
Otto cycle (constant volume)
Diesel cycle (constant pressure)
Used for small output generating capacity.
Remote areas
Industrial & trailer mounted.
For emergency & stand-by
Black start unit
Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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1.2 MW Diesel Generator

Basic Principles of Power
Generation

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diesel power plant, for the 3-15 MW range

Basic Principles of Power
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Basic Principles of Power

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Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Wind Turbine

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Tidal Wave Power Generation

Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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Basic Principles of Power

Generation

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