Object - Oriented

Programming
Concepts
2000. 4. 14.

Kwang Shin Oh

Dept. of Research & Development

http://raytrust.pe.kr
[email protected]

Copyright 2000 Kwang Shin Oh

Http://raytrust.pe.kr

OO Concept
if youve never programmed using
an object-oriented language before

need to understand what objects and

classes are
need to understand how these
concepts translate to code

this document provides the

conceptual basis for objectoriented languages in general

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What is an
Object?
objects are key to understanding

your dog, your desk, your television set,

your bicycle

real-world objects share two

characteristics

they all have state

they all have behavior

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object-oriented technology
many examples of real-world objects

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What is an Object?
for example

dogs have state

dogs have behavior

barking, fetching, slobbering

bicycles have state

name, color, breed, hungry

speed, pedal cadence, current gear

bicycles have behavior

braking, changing cadence, changing gears

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What is an
Object?
software objects

modeled after real-world objects in

that they have state and behavior
maintains its state in variables
implements its behavior with
methods

Definition : An object is a
software bundle of variables
and related methods

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What is an
Object?
represent real-world objects using

Visual Representation
of a Software Object

Public
API

Private
Implementatio
n
Details

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software objects
also use software objects to
model abstract concepts

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What is an
Object?
software object that modeled

your real-world bicycle

have variables that indicated the
bicycles current state

its speed is 10 mph

its pedal cadence is 90 rpm
its current gear is the 5th gear

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What is an
Object?
these variables and methods are

to distinguish them from class

10 mph
gears
Bicycle Modeled
variables change
and class
methods

as a Software Object

brake

90 rpm
5th gear

change cadence

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formally known as instance

variables and instance
methods

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What is an
Object?
anything that an object does not

know or cannot do is excluded

from the object
for example

bicycle (probably) doesnt have a name,

and it cant run, bark, or fetch
thus there are no variables or methods
for those states and behaviors in the
bicycle class

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What is an
Object?
the objects variables make up the

center or nucleus of the object

methods surround and hide the
objects nucleus from other objects
in the program
encapsulation

packaging an objects variables within

the protective custody of its methods

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What is an
Object?
encapsulation is used to hide

when you want to change gears on

your bicycle

you dont need to know how the gear

mechanism works
you just need to know which lever to move

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unimportant implementation details

from other objects
in real world

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What is an
Object?
in software programs

you dont need to know how a class

is implemented
you just need to know which
methods to invoke
thus, the implementation details can
change at any time without
affecting other parts of the program

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What is an
Object?
often, for implementation or

efficiency reasons

an object may wish to expose some of its

variables or hide some of its methods

so, in many languages, including Java

an object can choose to expose its

variables to other objects allowing those
other objects to inspect and even modify
the variables

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What is an
Object?
The Benefits of Encapsulation

Modularity

the source code for an object can be

written and maintained independently
of the source code for other obejcts
an object can be easily passed around
in the system

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What is an
Object?
Information hiding

an object has a public interface that

other objects can use to communicate
with it
the object can maintain private
information and methods that can be
changed at any time without affecting
the other objects that depend on it
you dont need to understand the gear
mechanism on your bike in order to use
it

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What is a
Message?
a single object alone

not very useful

usually appears as a component of a
larger program or application that
contains many other object

so, the interaction of these objects

programmers achieve higher order

functionality and more complex
behavior

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What is a
Message?
software objects interact and

communicate with each other by

sending messages to each other
when object A wants object B to
perform one of Bs methods

object A sends a message to object

B
Message

Object B

Object A

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What is a
Message?
sometimes the receiving object needs

more information so that it knows

exactly what to do

this information is passed along with the

message as parameters

Three components comprise a

message
1. The object to whom the message is addressed
2. The name of the method to perform
3. Any parameters needed by the method

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What is a
Message?
three components are enough

information for the receiving

object to perform the desired
method
No other information or
context is required
changeGears(lowerGear)

Your Bicycle

You

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What is a
Message?
The Benefits of Messages

an objects behavior is expressed

through its methods

so message passing supports all

possible interactions between objects

objects dont need to be int the same

process or even on the same
machine

to send and receive messages back and

forth to each other

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What is a Class?
in the real world

often have many objects of the

same kind

for example, your bicycle is just one of

many bicycles in the world

using object-oriented terminology

your bicycle obejct is an instance

of the class of objects known as
bicycles

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bicycles have some state(speed,

current cadence, current gear) and
behavior(change gears, brake, change
cadence) in common
however, each bicycles state is
independent of and can be different
fromother bicycles
produce a new blueprint for every
individual bicycle they manufactured
it would be very inefficient!!!!

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What is a Class?

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What is a Class?
in object-oriented software

its also possible to have many

objects of the same kind that share
characteristics

rectangles, employee records, video

clips and so on

you can take advantage of the fact

objects of the same kind are similar and

you can create a blueprint for those
objects

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software blueprints for objects

are called classes
Definition
A class is a blueprint or
prototype that defines the
variables and methods common
to all objects of a certain kind

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What is a Class?

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What is a Class?

the values for instance variables are

provided by each instance of the class
so, after youve created the bicycle
class

you must instantiate it(create an instance

of it) before you can use it

when you create an instance of a class

you

create an object of that type

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What is a Class?

system

then you can invoke the objects

instance methods

to make it do domething

Instances of the same class

share the same instance method

implementations, which reside in the
class itself

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allocates memory for the instance

variables declared by the class

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What is a Class?

in addition to instance variables and

methods, classes can also define
class variables and class methods
you can access class variables and
methods from

an instance of the class

directly from a class

you dont have to instantiate a class

to use its class variables and methods

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What is a Class?
class methods can only operate on
class variables

the first time it encounters the class

they do not have access to instance

variables or instance methods
the system creates a single copy of all
class variables for a class

all instances of that class share its

class variables

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the illustrations of objects and

classes look very similar to one
another
the difference between classes and
objects is often the source of some
confusion
in the real-world its obvious

that classes are not themselves the

objects that they describe

a blueprint of a bicycle is not a bicycle

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What is a Class?

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What is a Class?
however, in software

its a little more difficult to

differentiate classes and objects

because

software objects are merely electronic

models of real-world objects or
abstract concepts in the first place
many people use the term object
inconsistently and use it to refer to
both classes and instances

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What is a Class?
The Benefit of Classes

reusability

bicycle manufacturers reuse the same

blueprint over and over again to build
lots of bicycles
software programmers use the same
class, and thus the same code, over
and over again to create many object

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What is
Inheritance?
generally speaking, objects are

defined in terms of classes

know a lot about an object by
knowing its class
even if you dont know what a
penny-farthing is

if I told you it was a bicycle

you would know that it had two
wheels, handle bars, and pedals

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What is
Inheritance?
object-oriented systems

take this a step further

allow classes to be defined in terms
of other classes

for example

mountain bikes, racing bikes, and

tandems are all different kinds of
bicycles

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What is
Inheritance?
in object-oriented terminology

mountain bikes, racing bikes, and

tandems are all subclasses of the
bicycle class
similarly, the bicycle class is the
superclass of mountain bikes,
racing bikes, and tandems

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Mountain Bikes

Racing Bikes

Tandem Bikes

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What is
Inheritance?
Bicycles

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What is
Inheritance?
each subclass inherits state (int the

form of variable declarations) from the

superclass
mountain bikes, racing bikes, and tandems
share some states

cadence, speed, and the like

also, each subclass inherits methods

from the superclass

mountain bikes, racing bikes, and tandems

share some behaviors

braking and changing pedaling speed

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What is
Inheritance?
however, subclasses are not limited

subclasses can add variables and

methods to the ones they inherit from
the superclass
for examples, tandem bicycles have
two seats and two sets of handle bars

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to the state and behaviors provided

to them by their superclass
what would be the point in that?

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What is
Inheritance?
subclasses can also override inherited

if you had a mountain bike with an extra

set of gears
you would override the change gears
method so that the rider could actually
use those new gears

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methods and provide specialized

implementations for those methods
for example

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What is
Inheritance?
not limited to just one layer of

can be as deep as needed

methods and variables are inherited

down through the levels
in general, the further down in the
hierarchy a class appears, the more
specialized its behavior

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inheritance
the inheritance tree, or class
hierarchy

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What is
Inheritance?
The Benefits of Inheritance

reuse the code

subclasses provide specialized

behaviors from the basis of common
elements provided by the superclass
through the use of inheritance,
programmers can reuse the code in the
superclass many times

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What is
Inheritance?
abstract classes

programmers can implement

superclasses called abstract classes
that define generic behaviors
the abstract superclass defines and
may partially implement the behavior
but, much of the class is undefined and
unimplemented
other programmers fill in the details
with specialized subclasses

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What is an
Interface?
in English

according to this definition

remote control

an interface between you and television

set

English language

an interface between two people

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an interface is a device or system

that unrelated entities use to interact

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What is an
Interface?
protocol of behavior enforced in the

military

an interface between people of different

ranks

within the Java programming

language

interface

a device that unrelated objects use to

interact with one another

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What is an
Interface?
interfaces are probably most

in fact, other object-oriented

languages

have the functionality of interfaces

but they call their interfaces
protocols

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analogous to protocols(an agreedupon behavior)

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What is an
Interface?
the bicycle class and its class

hierarchy defines

what bicycles can and cannot do in

terms of its bicycle-ness

but bicycles interact with the

world on other terms

for example

a bicycle in a store is an inventory item

with a retail price, a part number, a
parts list, and so on

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What is an
Interface?
to set or get this sort of information

from a bicycle object

this protocol comes in the form of an

interface

an inventory program and the bicycle class

must agree on a protocol of communication

lets call it InventoryItem, that contains

method definitions

the InventoryItem interface would

define methods such as setRetailPrice,
getRetailPrice, and so on

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What is an
Interface?
to work within the inventory program

the bicycle class must agree to this

protocol

by implementing the InventoryItem

interface

when a class implements an interface

the class agrees to implement all of the

methods defined in the interface
thus, the bicycle class would have to
implement setRetailPrice, getRetailPrice

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What is an
Interface?
The Benefit of Interfaces

you use an interface to define a protocol of

behavior that can be implemented by any
class anywhere in the class hierarchy

Capturing similarities

capturing similarities between

unrelated classes without artificially
forcing a class relationship

Declaring methods

declaring methods that one or more

classes are expected to implement

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What is an
Interface?
Revealing API

revealing an objects programming

interface without revealing its class
objects such as these are called
anonymous objects
and can be useful when shipping a
package of classes to other developers

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Reference
The JavaTM Tutorial

Trail
Learning the Java Language

Lesson
Object-Oriented Programming Concepts

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