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    Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Forming of Steels

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    Parth Ashok
    The document discusses various thermo-mechanical processing techniques and microstructures of steels. It describes acicular ferrite steel as a very fine ferrite structure that forms in low-carbon steels. Dual-phase steel is introduced as having a microstructure of soft ferrite and hard martensite islands, giving it high strength. Typical compositions of dual-phase steels are provided. Heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, spheroidizing, hardening, tempering, austempering, and martempering are briefly defined. Phase diagrams including TTT diagrams are referenced to explain the transformations occurring during these processes.

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    Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Forming of Steels

    Uploaded by

    Parth Ashok
    119 views14 pages
    The document discusses various thermo-mechanical processing techniques and microstructures of steels. It describes acicular ferrite steel as a very fine ferrite structure that forms in low-carbon steels. Dual-phase steel is introduced as having a microstructure of soft ferrite and hard martensite islands, giving it high strength. Typical compositions of dual-phase steels are provided. Heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, spheroidizing, hardening, tempering, austempering, and martempering are briefly defined. Phase diagrams including TTT diagrams are referenced to explain the transformations occurring during these processes.

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    THERMO-MECHANICAL PROCESSING AND FORMING OF STEELS

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    THERMO-MECHANICAL PROCESSING AND FORMING OF STEELS

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    The document discusses various thermo-mechanical processing techniques and microstructures of steels. It describes acicular ferrite steel as a very fine ferrite structure that forms in low-carbon steels. Dual-phase steel is introduced as having a microstructure of soft ferrite and hard martensite islands, giving it high strength. Typical compositions of dual-phase steels are provided. Heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, spheroidizing, hardening, tempering, austempering, and martempering are briefly defined. Phase diagrams including TTT diagrams are referenced to explain the transformations occurring during these processes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    119 views14 pages

    Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Forming of Steels

    Uploaded by

    Parth Ashok
    The document discusses various thermo-mechanical processing techniques and microstructures of steels. It describes acicular ferrite steel as a very fine ferrite structure that forms in low-carbon steels. Dual-phase steel is introduced as having a microstructure of soft ferrite and hard martensite islands, giving it high strength. Typical compositions of dual-phase steels are provided. Heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, spheroidizing, hardening, tempering, austempering, and martempering are briefly defined. Phase diagrams including TTT diagrams are referenced to explain the transformations occurring during these processes.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    THERMO-MECHANICAL PROCESSING

    AND FORMING OF STEELS


    (MM 626)

    Prof B.P. Kashyap


    Lecture-6

    Acicular ferrite steel: These are very


    low carbon steels with sufficient
    hardenability to transform on cooling to
    a very fine high strength ferrite structure
    rather than the ususal polygonal ferrite
    structure.
    Acicular
    ferriteis
    amicrostructureofferritethat
    is
    characterised
    by
    needle
    shapedcrystallitesor
    grains
    when
    viewed in two dimensions. The grains,
    actually three dimensional in shape,
    have a thin lenticularshape. This

    Dual-phase steel(DPS) is a highstrengthsteelthat


    has
    aferriteandmartensiticmicrostructure.
    DPA starts as a low or mediumcarbon
    steeland
    is
    quenched
    from
    a
    temperature above A1but below A3on
    acontinuous
    cooling
    transformationdiagram. This results in
    amicrostructureconsisting of a soft
    ferrite matrix containing islands of
    martensite as the secondary phase
    (martensite
    increases
    the
    tensile
    strength). The desire to produce high

    Typical dual phase steel


    composition
    C

    Mn

    Nb

    Mo

    0.06-0.12

    1.4-1.8

    0.02-0.05

    0-0.06

    0.2-0.35

    HSLA steels typically contains 0.07-0.12% C, upto


    2% Mn and small addition of Nb, V and Ti in
    usually maximum 0.1% in various combination.
    The material is preferably produced by a
    thermomechanical
    rolling
    process
    which
    maximizes grain refinement as a basis for
    improved mechanical properties.
    Fracture appearance transition temperarture is
    given by:

    Basic heat treatment of


    steels

    Annealing (furnace cooling)


    Normalizing (air cooling)
    Spheroidizing
    Hardening (quenching)
    Tempering
    Austempering
    Martempering

    TTT diagram

    Martempering
    MARTEMPERING is a term used to describe an interrupted quench from
    the austenitizing temperature of certain alloy, cast, tool, and stainless
    steels. The purpose is to delay the cooling just above the martensitic
    transformation for a length of time to equalize the temperature
    throughout the piece. This will minimize the distortion, cracking, and
    residual stress. The term martempering is somewhat misleading and is
    better described as marquenching. The microstructure after
    martempering is essentially primary martensitic that is untempered
    and brittle.

    Austempering
    AUSTEMPERING is the isothermal transformation of a ferrous alloy at a
    temperature below that of pearlite formation and above that of
    martensite formation. Austempering of steel offers several potential
    advantages:
    Increased ductility, toughness, and strength at a given hardness
    Reduced distortion, which lessens subsequent machining time,
    stock removal, sorting, inspection, and scrap
    The shortest overall time cycle to through-harden within the
    hardness range of 35 to 55 HRC, with resulting savings in energy and
    capital investment

    GL->S = HL->S - TSL->S


    At equilibrium temp.
    Te
    SL->S = HL->S /Te

    Nucleation & growth of a new phase

    Critical radius:

    r* (1/T)
    Hence higher the
    undercooling, easier to
    form critical radius

    Effect of temperature and time on


    nucleation

    Rate of transformation vs degree of


    undercooling

    THANK YOU

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