Topic 1 Introduction to C#

Programming

Outline
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.6

Introduction
Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text
Another Simple Program: Adding Integers
Memory Concepts
Arithmetic
Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

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1.1 Introduction
Console applications
No visual components
Only text output
Two types
MS-DOS prompt
Used in Windows 95/98/ME
Command prompt
Used in windows 2000/NT/XP

Windows applications

Forms with several output types

Contain Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

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1.2 Simple Program: Printing a line of text

Comments

Comments can be created using //

Multi-lines comments use /* */
Comments are ignored by the compiler
Used only for human readers

Namespaces

Groups related C# features into a categories

Allows the easy reuse of code
Many namespaces are found in the .NET framework library
Must be referenced in order to be used

White Space

Includes spaces, newline characters and tabs

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1.2 Simple Program: Printing a line of text

Keywords
Words that cannot be used as variable or class names or any other
capacity
Have a specific unchangeable function within the language
Example: class
All keywords are lowercase

Classes
Class names can only be one word long (i.e. no white space in
class name )
Class names are capitalized, with each additional English word
capitalized as well (e.g., MyFirstProgram )
Each class name is an identifier

Can contain letters, digits, and underscores (_)

Cannot start with digits
Can start with the at symbol (@)
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1.2 Simple Program: Printing a line of text

Class bodies start with a left brace ({)
Class bodies end with a right brace (})

Methods
Building blocks of programs
The Main method
Each console or windows application must have exactly one
All programs start by executing the Main method

Braces are used to start ({) and end (}) a method

Statements

Anything in quotes () is considered a string

Every statement must end in a semicolon (;)

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1.2 Simple Program: Printing a line of text

Graphical User Interface
GUIs are used to make it easier to get data from the user as
well as display data to the user
Message boxes

Within the System.Windows.Forms namespace

Used to prompt or display information to the user

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// Fig. 1.1: Welcome1.cs

// A first program in C#.
using System;

Outline

These
are
two single
line comments.
This
is
aathe
string
ofdirective.
characters
This
is
blank
using
line.
It
means
It that
lets and
They
are
ignored
by
the
compiler
Console.WriteLine
instructs
This
is the
start
beginning
of the
of
Main
the
Welcome1
method.
class
the only
nothing
compiler
to
the
know
compiler
that
itand
should
istheonly Welcome1.cs
are
used
to
aid
other
programmers.
compiler
toItSystem
definition.
In
thistocase
itoutput
starts
instructs
with
the
the
program
class keyword
include
used
add
the
namespace.
the
program.
They
use
theclarity
doubleto
slash
(//)
anddothen
to
everything
the name of the class.

class Welcome1
{
static void Main( string[] args )
{
Console.WriteLine( "Welcome to C# Programming!" );
}
}

Program Output
Welcome to C# Programming!

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All rights reserved.

1.2 Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

Fig. 1.2

Visual Studio .NET-generated console application.

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1.2 Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

Fig. 1.1

Execution of the Welcome1 program.

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Outline

// Fig. 1.4: Welcome2.cs

// Printing a line
with multiple statements.
Console.WriteLine
will pick up
using System;

where the
line ends. This will cause the output to be on
one line even though it is on two in the code.

Welcome2.cs

class Welcome2
{
static void Main( string[] args )
{
Console.Write( "Welcome to " );
Console.WriteLine( "C# Programming!" );
}
}

Welcome to C# Programming!

Program Output

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Outline

// Fig. 1.5: Welcome1.cs

The with
\n escape
sequence
is used to
// Printing multiple lines
a single
statement.
using System;

put
output on the next line. This causes
the output to be on several lines even
though it is only on one in the code.

Welcome1.cs

class Welcome1
{
static void Main( string[] args )
{
Console.WriteLine( "Welcome\nto\nC#\nProgramming!" );
}
}

Welcome
to
C#
Programming!

Program Output

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1.2 Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

Escape sequence Description
\n
Newline. Position the screen cursor to the beginning of the
next line.
\t
Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next tab stop.
\r
Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the beginning
of the current line; do not advance to the next line. Any
characters output after the carriage return overwrite the
previous characters output on that line.
\\
Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.
\"
Double quote. Used to print a double quote (") character.

Fig. 3.6 Some common escape sequences.

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Outline

// Fig. 1.7: Welcome4.cs

// Printing multiple lines in a dialog
Box.
The System.Windows.Forms

namespace allows the programmer

This will display the contents in a message

using System;
to use the
MessageBox
using System.Windows.Forms;box as opposed
to in
the consoleclass.
window.

Welcome4.cs

class Welcome4
{
static void Main( string[] args )
{
MessageBox.Show( "Welcome\nto\nC#\nprogramming!" );
}
}

Program Output

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1.2 Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

Add
Reference
dialogue

Fig. 1.8

Adding a reference to an assembly in Visual Studio .NET (part 1).

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1.2 Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

Solution Explorer

System.Windows.Forms
reference
References folder

Fig. 1.8

Adding a reference to an assembly in Visual Studio .NET (part 2).

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1.2 Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

Label

Fig. 1.9

Button

Text field

Internet Explorers GUI.

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Menu

Menu bar

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1.2 Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

OK button allows the

user to dismiss the
dialog.

Close box

Dialog is automatically sized

to accommodate its contents.
Mouse cursor

Fig. 1.10 Dialog displayed by calling MessageBox.Show.

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1.1 Another Simple Program: Adding

Integers
Primitive data types
Data types that are built into C#
String, Int, Double, Char, Long
15 primitive data types (chapter 4)

Each data type name is a C# keyword

Same type variables can be declared on separate lines or on
one line

Console.ReadLine()
Used to get a value from the user input

Int12.Parse()

Used to convert a string argument to an integer

Allows math to be preformed once the string is converted
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// Fig. 1.11: Addition.cs

// An addition program.

This is the start of class Addition

Outline

using System;

Two stringThe
variables
comment after the
Addition.cs
defined over
declaration
two linesis used to briefly
class Addition
{
state the variable purpose
These areargs
three) ints that are declared
static void Main( string[]
{
over several lines and only use one
string firstNumber,
// first string entered by user
semicolon.
Each is
separated
coma.
Thisentered
linebyisaconsidered
secondNumber; // second
string
by user a prompt
because it asks the user to input data.
int number1,
number2,
sum;

// first number to add

// second number to add
// sum of number1 and number2

// prompt for and read first number from user as string

Console.Write( "Please enter the first integer: " );
firstNumber = Console.ReadLine();

Int12.Parse is used to convert the

The two numbers are added
givenasstring
into an integer. It is
readinsecond
number
from user
string
and //
stored
the variable
sum.
Console.Write( "\nPlease enter
the
second
then stored in a integer:
variable. " );
secondNumber = Console.ReadLine();

// convert numbers from type string to type int

number1 = Int12.Parse( firstNumber );
number2 = Int12.Parse( secondNumber );
// add numbers Console.ReadLine
sum = number1 + number2;

is used to take the

users input and place it into a variable.

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Outline

// display results
Console.WriteLine( "\nThe sum is {0}.", sum );
} // end method Main

Addition.cs

} // end class Addition

Please enter the first integer: 45

Program Output

Please enter the second integer: 72

The sum is 117.

Putting a variable out through Console.WriteLine

is done by placing the variable after the text while
using a marked place to show where the variable
should be placed.

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TAKING NON-NUMERIC DATA FROM

KEYBOARD INTO CONSOLE APPLICATION

ReadLine () function works similar to scanf ()

function. Waits for the user until an input is given
from the keyboard
Write () and WriteLine () functions work similar
to printf () function

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TASK

Create console application in C# that prompt to

enter user name from keyboard.

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SOLUTION

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TAKING NUMERIC DATA IN CONSOLE

APPLICATION

ReadLine () function returns a string, so in case

we want to work with an integer number we have
to convert the string to integer by using
Convert.ToInt16 (string). According to the
integers size you can also use ToInt32, ToInt64
etc.

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TASK

Write a console application in C# that input user

age and display it.

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SOLUTION

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1.4 Memory Concepts

Memory locations
Each variable is a memory location
Contains name, type, size and value

When a new value is enter the old value is lost

Used variables maintain their data after use

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1.4 Memory Concepts

number1

45

Fig. 1.12 Memory location showing name and value of variable number1.

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1.5 Arithmetic
Arithmetic operations
Not all operations use the same symbol

Asterisk (*) is multiplication

Slash (/) is division
Percent sign (%) is the modulus operator
Plus (+) and minus (-) are the same

Must be written in a straight line

There are no exponents

Division
Division can vary depending on the variables used

When dividing two integers the result is always rounded down

to an integer
To be more exact use a variable that supports decimals
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1.5 Arithmetic
Order
Parenthesis are done first
Division, multiplication and modulus are done second
Left to right

Addition and subtraction are done last

Left to right

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1.4 Memory Concepts

number1

45

number2

72

Fig. 1.11 Memory locations after values for variables number1 and number2 have been input.

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1.4 Memory Concepts

number1

45

number2

72

sum

117

Fig. 1.14 Memory locations after a calculation.

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1.5 Arithmetic
C# operation

Arithmetic operator

C# expression

Addition

f+7

f + 7

Subtraction

pc

p - c

Multiplication

bm

Division

x / y or

x / y

Modulus

r mod s

r % s

Fig. 3.15 Arithmetic operators.

Algebraic expression

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x
y

b * m

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1.5 Arithmetic
Operator(s)
( )

Operation
Parentheses

*, / or %

Multiplication
Division
Modulus
Addition
Subtraction

+ or -

Fig. 3.16

Order of evaluation (precedence)

Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested,
the expression in the innermost pair is
evaluated first. If there are several pairs of
parentheses on the same level (i.e., not
nested), they are evaluated left to right.
Evaluated second. If there are several such
operators, they are evaluated left to right.
Evaluated last. If there are several such
operators, they are evaluated left to right.

Precedence of arithmetic operators.

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1.5 Arithmetic
Step1.

y=2*5*5+1*5+7;
2*5is10(Leftmostmultiplication)

Step2.

y=10*5+1*5+7;
10*5is50(Leftmostmultiplication)

Step1.

Step4.

y=50+1*5+7;
1*5is15(Multiplicationbeforeaddition)
y=50+15+7;
50+15is65(Leftmostaddition)

Step5.

y=65+7;
65+7is72(Lastaddition)

Step6. y=72;(Lastoperationplace72intoy)

Fig. 1.17 Order in which a second-degree polynomial is evaluated.

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1.6 Decision Making: Equality and

Relational Operators
The if structure
Used to make a decision based on the truth of the condition
True: a statement is performed
False: the statement is skipped over

The start of an if statement should not end in a semicolon

(;)
Fig. 1.18 lists the equality and rational operators

There should be no spaces separating the operators

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1.6 Decision Making: Equality and

Relational Operators
Standard
C# equality
algebraic
or relational
equality
operator
operator or
relational
operator
Equality operators
==

!=

Relational operators
>
>
<
<
>=

Example
of C#
condition

x <= y

Fig. 3.18

<=

x
x

x
x
x

== y
!= y

x is equal to y
x is not equal to y

> y
< y
>= y

x is greater than y
x is less than y
x is greater than or equal to
y
x is less than or equal to y

Equality and relational operators.

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Meaning of
C# condition

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Outline

// Fig. 1.19: Comparison.cs

// Using if statements, relational operators and equality
// operators.

Comparison.cs

using System;
class Comparison
{
static void Main( string[] args )
{
int number1,
// first number to compare
number2;
// second number to compare
// read in first number from user
Console.Write( "Please enter first integer: " );
number1 = Int12.Parse( Console.ReadLine() );
read in
second
from user
If //
number1
is the
samenumber
as
Console.Write( "\nPlease enter second integer: " );
number2
line is preformed
number2this
= Int12.Parse(
Console.ReadLine()
Combining these);two methods eliminates
If number1 does not equal
the number2
need for a temporary string variable.
if ( number1 == number2 )
thisIfline
of code
executed.
number1
is is
less
than number2
Console.WriteLine(
number1
+ " == " + number2 );
the program will use this line
if ( number1 != number2 If
) number1 is greater than number2
Console.WriteLine( number1
" !=be" preformed
+ number2 );
this line+ will
if ( number1 < number2 )
Console.WriteLine( number1 + " < " + number2 );
if ( number1 > number2 )
Console.WriteLine( number1 + " > " +

number2 );

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Outline

if ( number1 <= number2 )

Console.WriteLine( number1 + " <= " + number2 );
if ( number1 >= number2 )
Console.WriteLine( number1 + " >= " + number2 );

Comparison.cs

} // end method Main

} // end class Comparison

Please enter first integer: 2000

Please enter second integer: 1000

2000 != 1000
2000 > 1000
2000 >= 1000

If number1 is less than or equal to

Lastly then
if number1
is greater
number2
this code
will be used
than or equal to number2 then
this code will be executed

Program Output

Please enter first integer: 1000

Please enter second integer: 2000
1000 != 2000
1000 < 2000
1000 <= 2000

Please enter first integer: 1000

Please enter second integer: 1000
1000 == 1000
1000 <= 1000
1000 >= 1000

2001 Prentice Hall, Inc.

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TASK

Write a program in C# that takes a name as input

which should be 10 characters long. If not then it
will display an error message.

2001 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

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SOLUTION

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1.6 Decision Making: Equality and

Relational Operators
Operators
()
* / %
+ < <= > >=
== !=
=

Associativity
left to right
left to right
left to right
left to right
left to right
right to left

Type
parentheses
multiplicative
additive
relational
equality
assignment

Fig. 3.20 Precedence and associativity of operators discussed in this

chapter.

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