Control Statement Selection

if Statements

if

if else - if
if - else

if Statement
Syntax:
Syntax:
Dont forget the
ifif (expression)
(expression)
brackets !!
statement;
statement;
or
or
ifif (expression)
Dont forget the curly
(expression) {{
brackets, if there are more
statement1;
statement1;
than ONE statements
statement2;
statement2;
}}

if Statement
Pseudo
PseudoCode:
Code:
ifif<condition
<conditionisistrue>
true>start
start
step
step11
step
step22

step
stepkk
end_if
end_if

ififStatement:
Statement:
ifif(<condition>)
(<condition>){{
statement
statement11
statement
statement22

statement
statementkk
}}

if Statement
Example:
Example:

int
intnum1,
num1,num2,
num2,min;
min;
printf(Key-in
printf(Key-in22numbers:
numbers:);
);20 > 15?
scanf(%d%d,
scanf(%d%d,&num1,
&num1,&num2);
&num2);
min
min=
=num1;
num1;
ifif(num1
(num1>
>num2)
num2)
min
min=
=num2;
num2;
printf(Smallest:
printf(Smallest:%d\n,
%d\n,min);
min);
Key-in 2 numbers: 20
_ 15
_Smallest: 15
_

num1

?
20

num2

15
?

min

15
20
?

if Statement
Example:
Example:
void
voidmain()
main(){{
int
intmark;
mark;

What will the output

be if the mark is 65?

printf(Mark:
printf(Mark:);
);
scanf(%d,
scanf(%d,&mark);
&mark);
ifif(mark
(mark>=
>=50)
50)
printf(Pass\n);
printf(Pass\n);
}}

printf(Your
printf(Yourmark
markisis%d,
%d,mark);
mark);

if Statement
Example:
Example:
void
voidmain()
main(){{
int
intmark;
mark;

What will the output

be if the mark is 35?

printf(Mark:
printf(Mark:);
);
scanf(%d,
scanf(%d,&mark);
&mark);

}}

ifif(mark
(mark>=
>=50)
50)
printf(Pass\n);
printf(Pass\n);
printf(Your
printf(Yourmark
markisis%d,
%d,mark);
mark);

if - else Statement
Syntax:
Syntax:

or
or

ifif(expression)
(expression)
statement1;
statement1;
else
else
statement2;
statement2;
ifif(expression)
(expression){{
statement1;
statement1;
statement2;
statement2;
}}else
else
statement3;
statement3;

if - else Statement
or
or

ifif (expression)
(expression) {{
statement1;
statement1;
statement2;
statement2;
}} else
else {{
statement3;
statement3;
statement4;
statement4;
}}

if - else Statement
Example:
Example:
ifif(num1
(num1<<num2)
num2)
10 < 15?
min
min==num1;
num1;
else
else
min
min==num2;
num2;
printf(Smallest:
printf(Smallest:%d\n,
%d\n,min);
min);
_Smallest: 10
_

num1

10

num2

15

min

10
?

if - else Statement
Example:
Example:
ifif(num1
(num1<<num2)
num2)
20 < 15?
min
min==num1;
num1;
else
else
min
min==num2;
num2;
printf(Smallest:
printf(Smallest:%d\n,
%d\n,min);
min);
_Smallest: 15
_

num1

20

num2

15

min

15
?

if - else Statement
Example:
Example:

num1 700

ifif(num1
700 < 125?
(num1<<num2)
num2){{
min
min==num1;
num1;
num2 125
max
max==num2;
num2;
}}
min 125
??
else
else{{
min
min==num2;
num2;
max
max 700
??
max==num1;
num1;
}}
printf(Min
printf(Min==%d,
%d,Max
Max==%d\n,
%d\n,min,
min,max);
max);
_
Min
= 125, Max = 700
_

if else Statement
Example:
Example:

void
voidmain()
main(){{
int
intmark;
mark;

}}

What will the output

be if the mark is 21?

printf(Mark:
printf(Mark:);
);
What will the output
scanf(%d,
scanf(%d,&mark);
&mark); be if the mark is 74?
ifif(mark
(mark>=
>=50)
50)
printf(Pass\n);
printf(Pass\n);
else
else
printf(Fail\n);
printf(Fail\n);
printf(Your
printf(Yourmark
markisis%d,
%d,mark);
mark);

if else Statement
Example:
Example:

void
voidmain()
main(){{
int
intmark;
mark;

}}

What will the output

be if the mark is 74?

printf(Mark:
printf(Mark:);
);
What will the output
scanf(%d,
scanf(%d,&mark);
&mark);
be if the mark is 14?
ifif(mark
(mark>=
>=50)
50)
printf(Pass\n);
printf(Pass\n);
else
else
printf(Fail\n);
printf(Fail\n);
printf(Your
printf(Yourmark
markisis%d,
%d,mark);
mark);

if else Statement
Example:
Example:

What will the output

be if the mark is 14?

void
voidmain()
main(){{
int
intmark;
mark;
printf(Mark:
printf(Mark:);
);
scanf(%d,
scanf(%d,&mark);
&mark); What will the output
ifif(mark
be if the mark is 70?
(mark>=
>=50)
50)
printf(Pass\n);
printf(Pass\n);
else
else{{
printf(Fail\n);
printf(Fail\n);
printf(Your
printf(Yourmark
markisis%d,
%d,mark);
mark);
}}
}}

Take a break (Learn

styles)
Example:
Example:

void
voidmain()
main(){{
int
intmark;
mark;
printf(Mark:
printf(Mark:);
);
scanf(%d,
scanf(%d,&mark);
&mark);
ifif(mark
(mark>=
>=50)
50)
printf(Pass\n);
printf(Pass\n);
else
else
printf(Fail\n);
printf(Fail\n);
printf(Your
printf(Yourmark
markisis%d,
%d,mark);
mark);
}}

Take a break (Learn

styles)
Example:
Example:

Difficult
to
read!!!
void
main()
{
void main() {
Dontso??
you think
int
intmark;
mark;
printf(Mark:
printf(Mark:);
);
scanf(%d,
scanf(%d,&mark);
&mark);
ifif(mark
(mark>=
>=50)
50)
printf(Pass\n);
printf(Pass\n);
else
else
printf(Fail\n);
printf(Fail\n);
printf(Your
printf(Yourmark
markisis%d,
%d,mark);
mark);
}}

Lets recap
Syntax:
Syntax:
ifif (expression)
(expression)
statement;
statement;
else
else
statement;
statement;

if-else
if statement
statement

Ok now, lets look at if

else if statement

if else - if Statement
Syntax:
Syntax:
ifif (expression)
(expression)
statement;
statement;
else
else ifif (expression)
(expression)
statement;
statement;
else
else ifif (expression)
(expression)
statement;
statement;
else
else
statement;
statement;

if-else-if statement

if else - if Statement
Syntax:
Syntax:
ifif (expression)
(expression)
statement;
statement;
else
else ifif (expression)
(expression)
statement;
statement;
else
else ifif (expression)
(expression)
statement;
statement;
else
else (expression)
(expression)
statement;
statement;

if-else-if statement

Be carefulcommon
mistake made by
students !!

Lets recap
Example:
Example:

Multiple Selection

ifif<condition_1
<condition_1isistrue>
true>start
start
step
stepm
m

step
Assume
m, step
condition
. will1 be
is
end_if
end_if
true,
executed
so
ifif<condition_2
is
true>
start
<condition_2 is true> start
step
stepnn

end_if
end_if
else
elsestart
start
step
stepxx

end_else
end_else

Lets recap
Example:
Example:

Multiple Selection

ifif<condition_1
<condition_1isistrue>
true>start
start
step
stepm
m

step
Assume
m, step
condition
. will1be
is
end_if
end_if
skipped,
false,
andso
ifif<condition_2
is
true>
start
<condition_2 is true> start
step
stepnn
condition 2 will be tested

end_if
end_if
else
elsestart
start
step
stepxx

end_else
end_else

Lets recap
Example:
Example:

Multiple Selection

ifif<condition_1
<condition_1isistrue>
true>start
start
step
stepm
m

end_if
end_if
ifif<condition_2
<condition_2isistrue>
true>start
start
step
stepnn

step
Assume
n, step
condition
. will2be
is
end_if
end_if
true,
executed
so
else
start
else start
step
stepxx

end_else
end_else

Lets recap
Example:
Example:

Multiple Selection

ifif<condition_1
<condition_1isistrue>
true>start
start
step
stepm
m

end_if
end_if
ifif<condition_2
<condition_2isistrue>
true>start
start
step
stepnn

Assume
step n, condition
step . will
2 isbealso
end_if
end_if
skipped,
andso
false,
else
elsestart
start
step
stepxx
step x will be executed

end_else
end_else

Multiple Selection in C
Example:
Example:

#include
#include<stdio.h>
<stdio.h>
int
intmain(
main()){{
char
charletter;
letter;

}}

Is the letter a lower case?

Is the letter an upper case?

scanf(%c,
scanf(%c,&letter);
&letter);
ifif(letter
(letter>=
>=a
a &&
&& letter
letter<=
<=z
z))
printf(Lower
printf(Lowercase\n);
case\n);
Is the letter a digit?
else
if
(letter
>=
A
&&
letter
<=
Z)
else if (letter >= A && letter <= Z)
printf(Upper
printf(Uppercase\n);
case\n);
else
elseifif(letter
(letter>=
>=0
0 &&
&& letter
letter<=
<=9)
9)
printf(Digit\n);
printf(Digit\n);
else
else
printf(Special
printf(Specialcharacter\n);
character\n);

Multiple Selection in C
Example:
Example:

#include
#include<stdio.h>
<stdio.h>
int
intmain(
main()){{
char
charletter;
letter;

}}

(the letter is a lower case) true

(the
(theletter
letterisisaalower
lowercase)
case)false
false
scanf(%c,
&letter);
scanf(%c, &letter);
(the
(theletter
letter
isisan
anupper
uppercase)
case)false
true
ifif(letter
(letter>=
>=a
a &&
&& letter
letter<=
<=z
z))
(the letter is a digit) true
printf(Lower
printf(Lowercase\n);
case\n);
(the
letter
is a lower case) false
else
if
(letter
>=
A
&&
letter
<=
Z)
else if (letter >= A && letter <= Z)
(the
letter is an upper case) false
printf(Upper
printf(Uppercase\n);
case\n);
(the<=
letter
else
9)
elseifif(letter
(letter>=
>=0
0 &&
&& letter
letter
<=
9) is a digit) false
printf(Digit\n);
printf(Digit\n);
else
else
printf(Special
printf(Specialcharacter\n);
character\n);

Exercise
Develop a program for the following
problem.
Given a mark, determine its grade
based on the table below:
75
65
55
40
0

< mark <

< mark <
< mark <
< mark <
< mark <
others

100
74
64
54
39

grade = A
grade = B
grade = C
grade = D
grade = F
error message

Pseudo Code
Start
Input students mark
If students mark is greater than or equal to 75
Print Grade = A
else If students mark is greater than or equal to
lower than 75
Print Grade = B
else If students mark is greater than or equal to
lower than 65 Print Grade = C
else If students mark is greater than or equal to
lower than 55 Print Grade = D
else If students mark is greater than or equal to
than 40
Print Grade = F
else
Print Input error
End

65 and

55 and
40 and
0 and lower

A
n
s
w
e
r
1

int mark;
printf(Key-in the mark: );
scanf(%d,&mark);
if ((mark >= 75) && (mark <= 100))
printf("Grade = A);
else if ((mark >= 65) && (mark <= 74))
printf(" Grade = B);
else if ((mark >= 55) && (mark <= 64))
printf(" Grade = C);
else if ((mark >= 40) && (mark <= 54))
printf(" Grade = D);
else if ((mark >= 0) && (mark <= 39))
printf(" Grade = E);
else
printf(Input error\n);

A
n
s
w
e
r
2

int mark;
char grade ;
printf(Key-in the mark : );
scanf(%d,&mark);
if ((mark >= 75) && (mark <= 100))
grade =A;
else if ((mark >= 65) && (mark <= 74))
grade =B;
else if ((mark >= 55) && (mark <= 64))
grade =C;
else if ((mark >= 40) && (mark <= 54))
grade =D;
else if ((mark >= 0) && (mark <= 39))
grade =E;
else
printf(Input error\n);
printf(Your grade is %c, grade );

A
n
s
w
e
r
3

int mark;
char grade;
printf(Key-in the mark: );
scanf(%d,&mark);
if ((mark >= 75) && (mark <= 100))
grade=A;
else if ((mark >= 65) && (mark <= 74))
grade=B;
else if ((mark >= 55) && (mark <= 64))
grade=C;
else if ((mark >= 40) && (mark <= 54))
grade=D;
else if ((mark >= 0) && (mark <= 39))
grade=E;
if ((mark > 100) || (mark < 0))
printf(Input error\n);
else
printf(Your grade is %c, grade);

Nested ifs
if statement that
contains other if / if else statements

Nested ifs
Example:
Example:

This price is valid for

people:
> 55
people:
18 age
< age
< 55

ifif (age
(age >
> 18)
18) {{
ifif (age
(age >
> 55)
55)
price
for
senior
citizens
price =
= 2.50;
2.50; /*
/* Price
Price
for
senior
This price is valid citizens
for
*/
*/
people: age < 1
else
else
This price
is valid*/for
price
=
5.00;
/*
Price
for
adults
price = 5.00; /* Price for adults */
people: 1 < age < 18
}}
else
else {{
ifif (age
(age <
< 1)
1)
price
price =
= 0.0;
0.0; /*
/* Price
Price for
for infants
infants */
*/
else
else
price
price =
= 1.50;
1.50; /*
/* for
for children
children &
&
teenagers*/
teenagers*/

Nested ifs - Problem

Example:
Example:

ifif(age
(age>>18)
18)
ifif(age
(age>>55)
55)
price
price==2.50;
2.50;/*
/*Price
Pricefor
forsenior
seniorcitizens
citizens*/
*/
else
else
price
price==5.00;
5.00;/*
/*Price
Pricefor
foradults
adults*/
*/

Which if does this else

belong to?

Nested ifs - Problem

Try to understand the consequences.

ifif (age
(age >> 18)
18) {{
ifif (age
(age >> 55)
55)
price
price == 2.50;
2.50;
}}
else
else
price
price == 5.00;
5.00;

ifif (age
(age >> 18)
18) {{
ifif (age
(age >> 55)
55)
price
price == 2.50;
2.50;
else
else
price
price == 5.00;
5.00;
}}

Nested ifs - Problem

By default, else will be attached to the
nearest if
ifif (age
ifif (age
(age >> 18)
18) {{
(age >> 18)
18)
ifif (age
ifif (age
(age >> 55)
55)
(age >> 55)
55)
price
price
price == 2.50;
2.50;
price == 2.50;
2.50;
else
else
else
else
price
price
price == 5.00;
5.00;
price == 5.00;
5.00;
}}

switch and break

Syntax:
Syntax:
Dont forget the
switch
switch
(expression)
switch(expression)
(expression){{{
brackets !!
case
expression1:
case
case expression1:
expression1:
statement1;
statement1;
statement1;
break;
break;
break;
break;
case
case
expression2:
case
expression2:
caseexpression2:
expression2:
Dont
Dont
forget
forget
the
the
statement2;
statement2;
statement2;
statement2;
curly
colons
brackets
!! !!
break;
break;
break;
break;

default:
default
::
default:
default
expressionX;
expressionX;
expressionX;
expressionX;
break;
break;
break;
break;
}}}}

switch and break

Important Rule !!
Syntax:
Syntax:
Must be
switch
switch(expression)
(expression){{
INTEGER or
case
expression1:
case expression1:
CHAR !
statement1;
statement1;
break;
break;
case
caseexpression2:
expression2:
statement2;
statement2;
break;
break;

default
default::
expressionX;
expressionX;
break;
break;
}}

switch and break

Example
Example:: switch
switch(month)
(month){{
case
case1:
1:
case
case2:
2:
case
case3:
3:

Assume month = 1,
so
printf(January\n);
printf(January\n);
break;
break;

this step will be

printf(February\n);
printf(February\n);

case
is
terminated
break;
executed.
Later
break;
here. Jump to

printf(March\n);
printf(March\n);
break;
break;
January
default:
default:
printf(Others\n);
printf(Others\n); End
_
_
break;
break;

}}
printf(End);
printf(End);

switch and break

March

Example
Example:: switch
switch(month)
(month){{
case
case1:
1:
case
case2:
2:
case
case3:
3:

printf(January\n);
printf(January\n);
break;
break;

_
End
_

printf(February\n);
printf(February\n);
break;
break;

Assume month = 3,
printf(March\n);
printf(March\n);
so
break;
break;

default:
default:
this step will be
printf(Others\n);
printf(Others\n);

case is terminated
break;
executed.
Later
break;

}}
printf(End);
printf(End);

here. Jump to

switch and break

Example
Example:: switch
switch(month)
(month){{
case
case1:
1:
case
case2:
2:

printf(January\n);
printf(January\n);
break;
break;
printf(February\n);
printf(February\n);
Nowwhat
will
No
more
!!
break;
break;

happen if this break

printf(March\n);
printf(March\n);
is taken out from the
break;
break;
default:
default:
program?
printf(Others\n);
case
case3:
3:

printf(Others\n);
break;
break;

}}
}}
printf(End);
printf(End);
printf(End);
printf(End);

switch and break

Example
Example:: switch
switch(month)
(month){{
case
case1:
1:
case
case2:
2:
case
case3:
3:

Assume
month = 2,
February
March
_ so

printf(January\n);
printf(January\n);
_ _
End
break;
break;
printf(February\n);
printf(February\n);

this
step
will
be
printf(March\n);
printf(March\n);
break;
executed. Later
break;
default:
default:
printf(Others\n);
printf(Others\n);
execution continues.
Thus, case is terminated
break;
break;
this step is}}executed . So
here. Jump to
printf(End);
printf(End);

switch and break

Example
Example:: switch
switch(month)
(month){{
case
case1:
1:
case
case2:
2:

And
case3:
3:
if month = 34
1 ??case

printf(January\n);
printf(January\n);
break;
break;
printf(February\n);
printf(February\n);
Nowwhat will

happen if these
printf(March\n);
printf(March\n);
breaks are taken out
break;
break;
default:
default:
from the program?
printf(Others\n);
printf(Others\n);
break;
break;

}}
printf(End);
printf(End);

Masukkan
Jantina Anda: (L/P)
switch and
break
L

Example
Example::

Jantina adalah LELAKI

char
charjantina;
jantina;
printf
printf(Masukkan
(MasukkanJantina
JantinaAnda:
Anda:(L/P)\n);
(L/P)\n);
scanf
jantina
scanf(%c,&jantina);
(%c,&jantina);

L
?

switch
switch(jantina)
(jantina){{
case
caseP:
P:
printf(\nJantina
printf(\nJantinaadalah
adalah
PEREMPUAN\n);
PEREMPUAN\n);
break;
break;
case
caseL:
L:
printf(\nJantina
printf(\nJantinaadalah
adalahLELAKI);
LELAKI);
break;
break;
default:
default:
printf(\nTIDAK
printf(\nTIDAKDAPAT
DAPATDIPASTIKAN!);
DIPASTIKAN!);
break;
break;
}

End of Lecture
Review Questions