1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Resources
(Solar, Wind, Bio-mass, hydal)
Non-Renewable Energy Resources
(Natural Gas, Petroleum, Coal)
General Classification of Fuels
FUELS
Conventional
Natural or Fossil
Nuclear
238
Manufactured or Synthetic
Solid
U92 ; 238U92 ; 239Pu93
Solid
Wood , Coal
Coke , Charcoals
Liquid
Liquid
Alcohols
Petroleum
Gaseous
Gaseous
Natural Gas
Coal Bed Methane(CBM)
Marsh Gas
Coal gas
Coke oven gas
Producer gas
Water gas
Hydrogen , etc.
What is Natural
Gas ?
NATURAL GAS
Definition (in normal usage) :
Natural Gas in normal usage, is considered to be
a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons
[C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 , C5 , C6+] and non-hydrocarbons
[CO2 , N2 , He , H2O , H2S , RSH , COS , CS2 ,
etc.] associated with petroliferous geologic
formations (rocks in earths crust).
What is Natural
Gas ?
Natural Gases as supplied by the utility gas companies,
usually
contain 80 to 95% CH4 , with C2H6 , C3H8 , N2 , etc. making up the remainder.
have heating or calorific value ranging from 900 to 1200 Btu/SCF.
have specific gravity (w.r.t. air = 1.0) varying from 0.58 to 0.79 .
Methane (CH4) ( Some properties )
Auto- or Spontaneous-ignition Temperature : 1004oF (540oC)
Flammability Limits : 5% to 15% v
Critical Pressure : 673 psia (45.8 atm)
Critical Temp.: 116.3oF (343.7 oR) OR
82.4oC
( For other properties, see literature )
(191 oK)
What is Natural
Gas ?
Generally,
1000 sft3 ( 1 MSCF ) of Natural Gas is equivalent to :
58 kg of Wood
52 kg of (indigenous) Coal
28 liters of Kerosene
0.168 barrel of Crude Oil (petroleum)
285 kwh of Electricity
0.024 tonne of Furnace Oil
21 kg of LPG
Product
Slate
Raw
Gas
Water
Helium
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
sulphide
Water
Helium
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
sulphide
Methane
Ethane
Propane
N-Butane
i-Butane
Pentanes +
Gas
Processi
ng
Pipeline gas
(Methane)
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
i-Butane
Natural gasoline
Combustibles
vs
Non- combustibles
Hydrocarbons
vs
Non-hydrocarbons
Natural Gas
Constituents
Natural Gas
Constituents
Hydrocarbons
Non-hydrocarbons
Combustibles
Non-combustibles
Methane
C1
Water
HCs
H2O
Ethane
C2
H 2O
Carbon dioxide
H2S
CO2
Propane
C3
CO2
Nitrogen
N2
RSH
N2
n-Butane
n-C4
Helium
He
i-Butane
i-C4
Hydrogen sulphide
H 2S
Pentanes
C5
Mercaptans
Hexanes+
C6+
Carbon oxysulphide COS
Carbon disulphide
COS
CS2
He
RSH
CS2
History of Natural Gas
First U.S. Natural Gas Well
In 1821, William Hart dug the first natural gas well in
Fredonia, NY.
Formation
Oil and gas are found on land and under
water
Sedimentary Rock and Petroleum Traps
Exploration Production
Shipping
Refining
Oil and Gas Process
Chemical
Manufacturing
Uses
Seismic Technology
Land
Water
Seabed Seismic
Core Samples
Drilling
3/30/2010
The NEED Project: 29 Years of Energy Education
19
Drilling Process
Place the drill bit, collar and drill pipe in the hole.
Attach the kelly and turntable and begin drilling.
As drilling progresses, circulate mud through the pipe and
out of the bit to float the rock cuttings out of the hole.
Add new sections(joints) of drill pipes as the hole gets
deeper
.
Remove(trip out) the drill pipe, collar and bit when the preset depth(anywhere from a few hundred to a couple
thousand feet) is reached.
Parts of an Oil Well
Production
Christmas Tree
Horse Head Pump
SUI GAS
Composition of Raw & Purified Typical Natural Gas from Sui Gas Field
Major Constituents
Commercial Units
Raw Gas
Purified Gas
CH4
% volume
88.52
94.42
C2H6
0.89
1.05
C3H8
0.26
0.28
C4+
0.37
0.17
N2
2.46
3.89
H2S
Grains / 100 SCF
92.2
Traces
RSH
Grains / 100 SCF
3.8
Traces
CO2
% volume
7.35
0.02
Gross Heating Value
Btu / SCF
933
975
7000 grains = 1 avoirdupois pound
1 grain = 0.065 gm. ;
635 grains/100 SCF 1% by volume
GAS COMPOSITIONS OF FIELDS RELATING SNGPL NETWORK
GAS HYDRATES
Gas
Hydrate
Value of X
Methane
CH4 . XH2O
6 to 7
Ethane
C2H6 . XH2O
6 to 8
Propane
C3H8 . XH2O
7 to 18
Carbon dioxide
CO2 . XH2O
6 to 7
Natural gas
NG . XH2O
1 ft3 of liquid methane @ 260oF 630 ft3 of gaseous methane
Temperatures > 260oF can be used if the liquid state is maintained
at 325 psig and 155oF.
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS
LNG
1 Gallon of LNG @ 263oF
weighs 3.46 lbs
has a specific gravity of 0.42
has a heating value of approximately 86,000 Btu
Heat of Vaporization of LNG at 1 atm 10 Btu/SCF
It requires 6575 Btu to vaporise 1 cu ft of liquid methane.
CHEMICALS FROM METHANE
Partial Combustion (major
source)
Carbon
Black
Nitroge
n
from
airHydroge
Pyrolysis (minor
source)
METHANE
Steam or
Oxygen
Air
Oxygen
Acetylen
e
Ammonia
H2 + CO
(Synthesis
Gas)
Urea
Hydrogen
Cyanide
Methanol
Formaldehy
de
MAJOR CHEMICALS DERIVED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY FROM METHANE
A General Scheme
III
Customer
Gas Meter
II
( HC liquids of
45 - 65 API
Gravity)
Enhanced Oil Recovery
E.O.R.
Concept of Natural Gas System
Gas Processing
VOLUMETRIC GAS COMMERCIAL UNITS
CF
CFD
CFH
SCF
SCFD
SCFH
Hundred : 102 :
CSCFH
CSCF
CSCFD
Thousand : 103 :
MSCF
MSCFD
Million
: 106 : MMSCF
Billion
: 109 :
Trillion
: 1012:
MMSCFD
BCF
TCF
BSm3 : Billion Standard m3
TSm3 : Trillion
Standard Units of Defined Calorific Values
Barrel of Oil Equivalent (b.o.e.) : a hypothetical barrel of oil
with an average heat content of 5.8 x 106 Btu gross.
Ton of Oil Equivalent (t.o.e.) : a hypothetical ton of oil with
an average heat content of 43 x 106 Btu gross.
Metric Tonne Coal Equivalent (m.t.c.e.) : a hypothetical metric
tonne of coal with an average heat content of 27.337 x 106 Btu
gross, i.e. ( 12,400 Btu/lb x 2204.62 ).
Natural Gas Equivalents of Various Fuels
Std. Fuel Units
1 b.o.e.
1 t.o.e.
1 m.t.c.e.
1 ton fuel oil equiv.
ft3 Natural Gas
5,800
43,000
27,337
41,400
m3 Natural Gas
155.50
1152.82
732.90
1109.92
2
ENERGY SCENARIO
NOTE :
TOE Ton of Oil Equivalent = Avg.Heating Value of 43 x 106 Btu gross
PAKISTAN
OIL & GAS PRODUCTION SCENARIO
REFERENCE : Press Release dated 5-3-2007
Future Plan
100 wells to be drilled per year
Success Ratio to be enhanced from 1:25 to 1:10
Present
Production
Future Production
Target
OIL bbl/day
66,000
1,00,000
GAS BCFD
3.8
5.0
Units
bbl/day barrels per day ; BCFD Billion Cubic Feet per Day
3.8 billion = 3.8 x 109 = 3 arb 80 crore ; 5.0 billion = 5 x 109 = 5 arb
GAS COMPOSITIONS OF FIELDS RELATING SNGPL NETWORK
Distribution of proved natural gas reserves
(%) in 2004
Russian Federation
Middle East
Natural gas production (billion cubic metres ), 1970-2004
3
ORIGIN OF NATURAL GAS
&
EXPLORATION/PROSPECTING
Petroleum Geology
Reservoirs
Etc.
The Milky Way
Galaxy
The SUN
150
miles/sec
The Sun
Est. Age of Universe : 14
1 eon
Crust
Upper
Mantle
Lower
Mantle
Surfac
e
Outer Core
[ 1 Eon = 1000 million years
= 109 yrs ]
Key Features related
to Earth
Average:
Orbital Speed : 67,000 mph
Rotational Speed : 1037.5
mph
Inner Core
Distance from Sun : 93
million miles
Diameter : 7926 miles
(12,756 km)
Est. Total Age : 4600 100
my
Est. Age as Solid Body : 2000
100 my
Approx. Thicknesses of
Sections
Crust : 5 - 10 km (Avg. : 7
km)
Cross-sectional view of Earths interior
( < 0.08% of Earths
radius )
Beds are also formed as the shoreline recedes.
River
Sand
Mud & Silt
Limestone
Ocean/Sea
1 Eon =1000 million
years
Geologic Time Scale
GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
6
5
Representation of Actual
Years in terms of Equivalent
Human Years
COAL
1 EHY = 100 million years ( my )
where
EHY
Equivalent Human Year
1 Eon = 1000 my
OIL/GAS
16
EHY
18 21
Present Day
300
my
500 my
Fossils Buried in
Rocks
Carbon-Dating
Method
C-14
G
e
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
T
i
m
e
S
p
i
r
a
History of
Earth with
Life Forms
FOSSIL
S
Porphrin molecule
Porphyrin
molecule
Porphyrin metal complex
Metal
atom/ion
e.g.
Cu Fe , Mg ,
etc.
7
1
Photographs : Outcrops of Sedimentary74
Rocks
Types of Rock Fold
Anticline
Fold
7
6
Rock
Folds
Surface
Impervious Caprock
Oil
Gas
Limestone
Water
ANTICLINE : Structural
SHEET
STRATIGRAPIC
SALT DOME : Structural
LITHOLOGICAL
SCREENED :
Stratigraphic
FAULT :
Structural
Main Types of TRAPS with Oil & Gas
Surfac
Surfac
Deposits
e
e
Limestone
R
Anticline
Sheet
Stratigraphic
A
Surfac
e
Surfac
e
P
Lithological
Screened
Oil
Salt Dome
Ga
s
Wat
er
Clay
s
Limesto
ne
S
Salt
8
0
Structural Traps
Simple
Anticline
Faulted
Anticline
Stratigraphic Traps
Shoe-string Sand
type
Reef Deposit type
8
2
Salt Dome / Salt Plug
type
Unconformity Trap
Stages of Migration of
Interconnected Traps
Water, Oil & Gas from Traps
Distribution of Gravity
over a buried Anticline
Gravity : 1.7
2.2
2.4
2.6
3.1
Gas-cap Drive Reservoir
Combination Water & Gas-cap Drives Reservoir
Water-Drive Reservoir
Hunt for OIL /
GEOLOGICAL
GAS PROSPECTING & EXPLORATION
METHODS
Seepage
gives
Direct Indication
Geologist
conducts
Geological Survey
GEOPHYSICAL
Gravimetric
Seismic
Electrical
1. Type of Rock
2. Age of Rock
3. History of
Rock
GEOCHEMICAL
Magnetic
Soil Testing
Chemical
Microbial
Recording Truck
Battery
SU (Station Unit)
CSU (Control Station Unit)
Stock of Cables
at the site
Receiver Cable
Few Definitions
Formation
A separate layer of rock or group of intermingled beds.
Field
An area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs all grouped on, or related
to, the same individual geological structural feature or stratigraphic condition. The field
name refers to the surface area, although it may refer to both the surface and the
underground productive formations.
Reservoir
A porous, permeable sedimentary rock containing commercial quantities of oil and gas.
Discovery Well
The first oil or gas well drilled in a new field. The discovery well is the well that is drilled
to reveal the actual presence of a petroleum-bearing reservoir, Subsequent wells are
development wells.
Wildcat well
A well drilled in an area where no current oil or gas production exists. Also called a rank
wildcat.
Exploratory well
A hole drilled:
a) to find and produce oil or gas in an area previously considered
area;
unproductive
b) to find a new reservoir in a known field, i.e., one previously producing oil and gas
from another reservoir, or
c) to extend the limit of a known oil or gas reservoir.
Development well
A well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas reservoir to the depth of a
stratigraphic horizon known to be productive; a well drilled in a proven field for the
purpose of completing the desired spacing pattern of production.
Gas Well
Any well:
(A) which produces natural gas not associated or blended with crude
petroleum oil at the time of production;
(B) which produces more than 100,000 cubic feet of natural gas for each
barrel of crude petroleum oil from the same producing horizon; or
(C) which produces natural gas from a formation or producing horizon
productive of gas only encountered in a wellbore through which crude
petroleum oil also is produced through the inside of another string of casing
or tubing. A well which produces hydrocarbon liquids, a part of which is
formed by a condensation from a gas phase and a part of which is crude
petroleum oil, shall be classified as a gas well unless there is produced one
barrel or more of crude petroleum oil per 100,000 cubic feet of natural gas;
and that the term "crude petroleum oil" shall not be construed to mean any
liquid hydrocarbon mixture or portion thereof which is not in the liquid phase
in the reservoir, removed from the reservoir in such liquid phase, and
obtained at the surface as such.
Oil Well
Any well which produces one barrel or more crude petroleum oil to each 100,000 cubic
feet of natural gas.
TYPES OF TRAPS
Structural Traps
The traps formed by deformation of the earths
crust by either folding or faulting.
Stratigraphic Traps
The traps formed by changes in lithology,
generally a disappearance of the containing bed
or porosity zone.
These types of traps are more difficult to locate
at depth with remote sensing.
Note :
The part of the trap that is actually occupied by the oil and
gas is called the petroleum RESERVOIR.
Tectonics :
Study of earths large-scale structural features.
Next . . . .
Natural Gas Flowpath
from the Well
to Customers Burner
III
Customer
Gas Meter
II
( HC liquids of
45 - 65 API
Gravity)
Concept of Natural Gas System
Low-Temperature Extraction ( LTX ) System
