Combustion Phenomena
Combustion Phenomena
Combustion Phenomena
Phenomena
Class 22
Vjet
3
T
6 : Jet
2
1
s
3
p
5
2
6: Jet
1
s
Vjet
2
1 -- 2
s = constant
T: Increasing
p: Increasing
Vjet
2 -- 3
s = constant
T : increasing
p : increasing
Vjet
3 -- 4
s : increasing
T: increasing
p : constant???
Vac
Vjet
4 -- 5
s = constant
T : decreasing
p : decreasing
Vjet
5 -- 6
s = constant
T : Decreasing
P: decreasing
1 -- 2
s = constant
T0 = constant
P0 = constant
1
2 -- 3
s = constant
T0 = increasing
P0 = increasing
3 -- 4
s = increasing
T0 = increasing
P0 = constant
4 -- 5
s = constant
T0 = decreasing
P0 = decreasing
6
5 -- 6
s = constant
T0 = constant
(decreasing?)
P0 = constant
(decreasing?)
5,6
T0
1,2
s
3
p0
5,6
1,2
s
Combustion Phenomena
COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCES
Combustible substances
Substances which burn in air to produce
heat and light are called combustible
substances.
Eg :- wood, coal, charcoal, kerosene,
petrol, diesel, liquified petroleum gas
(LPG), compressed natural gas (CNG) etc.
Wood
Kerosene
Coal
LPG
Combustion
The chemical process in which a substance
reacts with oxygen to produce heat is called
combustion.
The substance which undergoes combustion is
called a combustible substance. It is also called a
fuel.
Sometimes light is also produced during
combustion either as a flame or as a glow
(bright).
Air is necessary for combustion.
(c)
(a)
(b)
Ignition temperature
The minimum temperature at which a substance
catches fire and burns is called its ignition
temperature.
A substance will not catch fire and burn if its
temperature is lower than its ignition
temperature.
Different substances have different ignition
temperatures.
Eg:- The ignition temperature of kerosene is
less than the ignition temperature of wood.
Substances which have very low ignition
temperature and can easily catch fire with a flame
are called inflammable substances. Eg:- petrol,
alcohol, LPG, CNG etc.
Types of combustion
There are three main types of combustion.
They are :i) Rapid combustion
ii) Spontaneous combustion
iii) Explosion
Rapid combustion:- is combustion in which
a substance burns rapidly and produces heat
and light with the help of external heat.
Eg:- burning of LPG
Spontaneous combustion:- is combustion
in which a substance burns spontaneously and
produces heat and light without the help of
external heat.
Eg:- phosphorus burns spontaneously at room
temperature
Explosion:- is a combustion in which a
substance burns suddenly and produces heat,
light and sound with the help of heat or
Flame
wax
coal
Hottest part
Moderately hot
Least hot
Types of fuels
Fuels are of three main types. They are :i) Solid fuels :- Eg:- wood, coal, charcoal etc.
ii) Liquid fuels :- Eg:- kerosene, petrol, diesel
etc.
iii) Gaseous fuels :- Eg:- CNG, LPG, biogas,
hydrogen etc.
Solid fuels
Liquid fuels
Gaseous fuels
Calorific value
The calorific value of a fuel - is the amount of
heat energy produced on complete combustion
of 1 kg of a fuel.
The calorific valve of a
fuel is expressed in kilojoule per kg.
of a fuel
COMPOSITION OF
AIR
Categorisation of Combustion
Phenomena
Most of the practical combustion phenomena
belong to one of the following three
categories:
i. Phenomena which are primarily controlled
by chemical kinetics
ii. Phenomena which are primarily controlled
by diffusion, convection and other
physical mixing processes
iii. Phenomena in which the roles played by
chemical kinetics and physical mixing are
more or less of equal importance.
Ignition
Most of the energy released
in a combustion reaction is in
thermal form while a fraction
is released in the form of
light.
Thermal Ignition
Under certain conditions of heating
brought about by an external source
of energy such as a spark, hot
vessel walls, compression, etc.,
there is always some temperature
of the reacting mixture at which the
rate of heat generation exceeds the
loss rate.
An uncontrollably fast
reaction is known as an
explosion..
Spontaneous ignition
Spontaneous ignition is sometimes called
as autoignition or selfignition.
Spontaneous ignition occurs as a result of
raising the temperature of a considerable
volume of a combustible gas mixture by
containing it in hot boundaries or by
subjecting it to adiabatic compression.
Forced ignition
Forced ignition occurs as a result of local
energy addition from an external source
such as an electrically heated wire, an
electric spark, an incandescent particle, a
pilot flame, etc.
A flame is initiated locally near the ignition
source and it propagates into the rest of
the mixture.
Forced Ignition
Some Preliminary Concepts