Internal
OMA000001
GSM Fundamentals
ISSUE 4.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as
frequency spectrum, frequency reuse etc.
Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the
protocol used.
Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS
Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and
understand the idea of multi-frame.
Know some radio techniques
Get the idea of EDGE
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References
BSS Feature Description
BSS Signaling Analysis Manual
BSC Technical Manual
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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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GSM system overview
The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system,
each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a
time slot number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power
radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of
radios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by
each group of radios is called a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different
frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD)
Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots ,
several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
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GSM Development
1989
Standard Protocol for GSM take effect
1991
GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)
1992
System was named as Global System for
Mobile Communication
1994
Provide services for the whole world
1996
Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system
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Cell Technique
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that
connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.
Macro Cell
In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services.
The BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not
efficient. So , it can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service
area with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse
technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also
the whole capacity of the network.
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Multiple Access Technique
Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the
same communication medium.
There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :
FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.
GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).
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FDMA
FDMA uses different frequency
channels to accomplish
communication.
Frequency
The whole frequency spectrum
Time
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available is divided into many
individual channels (for
transmitting and
receiving) every channel can
support the traffic for one
subscriber or some control
information.
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TDMA
TDMA accomplishes the
communication in different
timeslot.
Frequency
A carrier is divided into
Time
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channels based on time.
Different signals occupy
different timeslots in certain
sequence , that is , many
signals are transmitted on
the same frequency in
different time.
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CDMA
CDMA accomplishes the
communication in different
code sequences.
Frequency
Special coding is adopted
Time
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before transmission, then
different information will
lose nothing after being
mixed and transmitted
together on the same
frequency and at the
same time.
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The Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900
Uplink
890
Downlink
915
935
Duplex Separation:
Channel Bandwidth:
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960MHz
45MHz
200KHz
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The Frequency Spectrum
DCS 1800
Base Station Receive
1710
Base Station Transmit
1785 1805
Duplex Separation:
Channel Bandwidth:
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1880MHz
95MHz
200KHz
Page 13
The Frequency Spectrum
Frequency Range
Spectrum (MHz)
Uplink Frequency
Frequency
Point
Available
Downlink
Frequency
GSM 450
450.4~457.6
460.4~467.6
Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n259)
259<=n<=293
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
GSM 480
478.8~486
488.8~496
Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306)
306<=n<=340
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
GSM 850
824~849
869~894
Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n128)
128<=n<=251
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
E-GSM
900
880~915
925~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2n
Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
0<=n<=124
975<=n<=102
3
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
R-GSM
900
876~915
921~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2n
Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
0<=n<=124
955<=n<=102
3
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
1850~1910
Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n512<=n<=810
1930~1990
512)
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Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
PCS 1900
Page 14
Frequency Reuse
The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.
The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in
different places.
The quality of communication must be ensured.
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Frequency Reuse
7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse
2
7
23
1
4
5
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Frequency Reuse
7
11
6
10
8
12
4 site X 3 cells reuse
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Cell Types
Omni
Omni-directional Cell
1
1
120
degree
120 Degree Cell
3
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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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GSM-GPRS Network Component
MSC/VLR
PSTN
ISDN
GMSC
GSM /GPRS BSS
MS
BSC
HLR/AUC
BTS
PCU
SS7
BSC
MS
SMS system
BTS
Internet,
Intranet
GPRS Backbone
SGSN
OMC
CG
GGSN
BG
Other PLMN
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Interface Between Different Entities
MSC/VLR
PSTN
ISDN
GMSC
GSM /GPRS BSS
MS
Abis
BSC
BTS
PCU
SS7
Gb
BSC
MS Um
HLR/AUC
C/D/Gs
Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge
BTS
SMS system
Gc
GPRS backbone
SGSN
Ga
OMC
CG
Gi
GGSN
BG
Gp
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Internet,
Intranet
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Other PLMN
Mobile StationMS
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
Mobile Equipment
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Subscriber Identity Module
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Subscriber Identity Module SIM
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
SIM
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
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Base Station Subsystem BSS
MSC
The Base Station Controller
BSC
BSS
The Base Transceiver Station
BTS
The Trans-coder TC and
TC/SM
TC/SM
BSC
BSC
Sub multiplexer (SM)
BTS
BTS
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Packet Control Unit-----PCU
MSC
Packet data
switching
Bridge between
SGSN and BSC
Provide Pb and
BSS
TC/SM
TC/SM
GPRS
Backbone
Gb interface
BSC
BSC
PCU
PCU
BTS
BTS
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SGSN
SGSN
The Network Switching System
NSS
OMC
AUC
AUC
HLR
HLR
EIR
EIR
EC
EC
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
Mobile-service Switching Center
Home Location Register
Visitor Location Register
Equipment Identity Register
Authentication Center
Echo Cancellor
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MSC
HLR
VLR
EIR
AUC
EC
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BSS
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PSTN
Mobile-service Switching Center MSC
Call Processing
Operations and Maintenance Support
Interface management
Inter-network & Inter-working
Billing
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Home Location Register HLR
Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)
Current subscriber VLR (current location)
Supplementary service information
Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
Authentication key and AuC functionality
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Visitor Location Register VLR
Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.)
Location Area Identity(LAI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Allocating the Roaming Number
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Equipment Identity Register EIR
White List
Black List
IMEI is Checked In White List
Grey List
If NOT found
EIR focus on the
equipment , not the
subscriber!!
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IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List
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OMC Functional Architecture
Security
Management
Event/Alarm
Management
MMI
OS
DB
Fault
Management
Configuration
Management
Performance
Management
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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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Service Area
Service Area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area
MSC service area...
PLMN service area
MSC service area...
Location area...
Location area...
cell
cell
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......
LAI
MCC
MNC
LAC
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC: Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits .
For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC: Location Area Code It is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011
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CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell
The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to
identify the cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001
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BSIC
BSIC Base Station Identification Color Code)
NCC
BCC
BSIC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It
allows various neighboring PLMNs to be
distinguished.
BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to
distinguish different cells assigned the same
frequency!
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MSISDN
CC
NDC
SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".
NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234
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IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits
2 digits
MCC
MNC
MSIN
NMSI
IMSI
MCC: Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits .
For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identification MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
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TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber
authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies
them to the HLR.
TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber
on the air interface is kept secret.
The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by
the operator.
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IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC
FAC
SNR
SP
IMEI
TAC:
TAC: Type
Type approval
approval code,
code, 66 bit,
bit, determined
determined by
by the
the type
type approval
approval center
center
FAC:
FAC: Final
Final assembly
assembly code,
code, 22 bit,
bit, ItIt isis determined
determined by
by the
the manufacturer.
manufacturer.
SNR:
SNR: Serial
Serial number,
number,66 bits,
bits, ItIt isis issued
issued by
by the
the manufacturer
manufacturer of
of the
the MS.
MS.
SP:
SP: 11 bit
bit ,, Not
Not used.
used.
Check
Check the
the IMEI
IMEI in
in your
your MS
MS :: *#06#
*#06#
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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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Physical Channel and Logical Channel
The physical channel is the medium over which the
information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms
The logical channel consists of the information carried
over the physical channels
1 2
Timeslot
3 4
5 6
7 0
1 2
The
Theinformation
informationcarried
carriedin
inone
onetime
time
slot
slotis
iscalled
calledaaburst
burst
TDMA FRAME
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TDMA FRAME
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Two types of Logical Channel
Traffic Channel (TCH) :
Transmits traffic information, include data
and speech.
Control Channel (CCH) :
Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of
control information.
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Traffic Channel (TCH)
TCH
Traffic Channels
Speech
TCH/FS
TCH/HS
Data
TCH/9.6
TCH Traffic Channel
TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel
TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel
TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s
TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s
TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
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TCH/2.4
TCH/4.8
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Control Channel (CCH)
CCH (Control Channels)
DCCH
SDCCH
FACCH
BCH
ACCH
BCCH
SACCH
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH
Common Control Channel CCCH
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH
Associated Control Channel ACCH
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CCCH
RACH
SCH
CBCH
PCH/AGCH
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Synch. CH.
FCCH
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH
CCH
The information carried on the BCCH
is monitored by the MS
BCH
periodically when it is in idle mode
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel
FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel
SCH: Synchronization Channel
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BCCH
Synch.
Channels
SCH
FCCH
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Common Control Channel CCCH
CCH
The CCCH is responsible for
transferring control information
between all mobiles and the
network.
CCCH
RACH: Random Access Channel
PCH: Paging Channel
AGCH: Access Granted Channel
RACH
uplink
CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel
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CBCH
downlink
PCH/AGCH
downlink
Page 47
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH
DCCH is assigned to a single
wireless connection for
measurement and handover
purpose.
SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated
Control Channel
ACCH: Associated Control Channel
SACCH: Slow Associated
Control Channel
FACCH: Fast Associated Control
Channel
CCH
DCCH
SDCCH
FACCH
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ACCH
SACCH
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Uplink Logical channel
RACH
CCCH
SDCCH
SACCH
DCCH
CCH
DCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
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TCH
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Downlink Logical channel
FCCH
CCH
BCCH
SCH
BCCH
CCCH
PCH
AGCH
SDCCH
DCH
DCCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
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How to use these channels?
Power-off
Search for frequency correction burst
Search for synchronous burst
Extract system information
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
Idle mode
Monitor paging message
Send access burst
Allocate signaling channel
Dedicated mode
Set up the call
Allocate voice channel
Conversation
Release the call
Idle mode
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PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
TCH
FACCH
Page 51
Packet logic channel
TCH
Packet data channel (PDCH)
Comprising packet service channel and packet control channel
TCH
Packet service channel (PDTCH)
Combined into the single-directional service channel
BCCH
CCCH
Packet control channel
SACCH
Broadcast control channel: PBCCH
Public control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH
Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH
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GSM Logical Channel Combination
Main BCCH combination FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
SDCCH combination SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8
Combined BCCH BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4
TCH/FR combination TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F
TCH/HR combination TCH/H + FACCH/H + SACCH/H
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Combination of packet logic channel
Packet logic channels (PDCH) can be combined via the following three modes
Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use the same BCCH
and CCCH in the cell. In this case, only combination mode 3 is needed in the cell
With the increase of traffic, the packet public channel should be configured in the
cell. Channel combination mode 1 and mode 2 should be adopted
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GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
46 47 48 49 50
51 Frame Multi-frames
CONTROL
CHANNELS
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GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4
21 22 23 24 25
26 Frame Multi-frames
TRAFFIC
CHANNELS
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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink
power settings can be
controlled
independently
and individually.
5W
0.8W
Saves battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference
8W
BCCH ------Does not attend Power control
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DTX and VAD
Discontinuous Transmission DTX
Voice Activity Detection VAD
Battery Saving
Interference reduction
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Timing Advance (TA)
The mobile phone should
send the signal in advance!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
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Multi-path Fading
Diversity
Frequency Hopping
Time Dispersion
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Diversity Whats Diversity?
Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both
overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and
increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
The former is achieved by ensuring uncorrelated (i.e. low enough
correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not all antennas
experience fades at the same time.
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Kinds of Diversity
Time diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
Space diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
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Frequency Hopping
Frequency
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
Frame
Time
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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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GSM Development Evolution
3G
2.5G
2G
115 kbps
57.6 kbps
9.6 kbps
2Mbps
384kbps
IMT-2000
EDGE
GPRS
HSCSD
GSM
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Data rate of EDGE and GPRS
8PSK
GMSK
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Huawei EDGE Test Result
Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9
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Summary
The basic idea of GSM
The frequency spectrum used in GSM
The structure of GSM
Certain service area and numbers
Some radio techniques used in GSM
Evolution of GSM
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Thank You
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