CHAPTER 4
The Medium Access Sublayer
Sublayers of Data Link
Layer
Introduction MAC
MAC controls the access to the
transmission medium for an orderly
and efficient use of the transmission
capacity of the n/w.
MAC access is in two different ways:
1) Centralized
2) Distributed
Access control
techniques
Synchronous: FDM and TDM
Asynchronous : Round Robin,
Reservation,Contention
Multiple Access
Mechanisms
Multiple Access
Mechanisms
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Packet Transmission
Time
Packet Transmission Time: It is
amount of time from beginning until
the end of packet transmission.
Packet transmission Time= Packet Size/Bit
Rate
Assuming, 100Mbits/sec. Ethernet
Maximum packet size of 1526 Bytes
Result in,
Packet Transmission Time = (1526*8)/
(100,000,000) = 122usec.
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Propagation Time
Propagation Time= Distance/Propagation
Speed
It is nothing but the time it takes for first
bit to travel from the sender to receiver.
Propagation speed depends on physical
medium of the link.
Propagation speed for fiber, twisted pair,
copper wire is in the range of
2*10^8m/sec. and 3*10^8 m/sec for
wireless communications.
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ALOHA: Vulnerable Time
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Example:
A pure ALOHA n/w transmit 200 bit
frames on a shared channel of 200
Kbps. What is the requirement to make
this frame collision-free?
Frame transmission time Tfr=200
bits/200 Kbps = 1 ms
The vulnerable time = 2*1 ms = 2ms
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Throughput:
How much data can be
transferred from one location
to another in given time.
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ALOHA: Throughput
The throughput for pure ALOHA is
S = G e2G
where G is the average number of
frames generated during one frame
transmission time.
The maximum throughput
Smax = 0.184 when G= 1/2
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Example
A pure ALOHA network transmits
200-bit frames on a shared channel
of 200 kbps. What is the throughput
if the system (all stations together)
produces
1000 frames per second
500 frames per second
250 frames per second
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If the system creates 1000 frames
per seconds, that is 1 frame per
millisec. The load is 1. In this case
S=G*e^-2G = 0.135(13.5%)
This means that throughput is
1000*0.135=135 frames.
Only 135 frames out of 1000 will
probably survive.
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If the system creates 500 frames per
seconds, that is 1/2 frame per
millisec. The load is 1/2. In this case
S=G*e^-2G = 0.184(18.4%)
This means that throughput is
1000*0.184=92 frames.
Only 92 frames out of 500 will
probably survive.
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If the system creates 250 frames per
seconds, that is 1/4 frame per
millisec. The load is 1/4. In this case
S=G*e^-2G = 0.152(15.2%)
This means that throughput is
1000*0.152=38 frames.
Only 38 frames out of 250 will
probably survive.
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Slotted ALOHA
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Slotted ALOHA: Vulnerable
Time
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Slotted ALOHA:
Throughput
The throughput for Slotted ALOHA is
S = G eG
where G is the average number of
frames requested per frame-time
The maximum throughput
Smax = 0.368 when G= 1
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Example
A Slotted ALOHA network transmits
200-bit frames on a shared channel
of 200 kbps. What is the throughput
if the system (all stations together)
produces
1000 frames per second
500 frames per second
250 frames per second
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Comparison
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CSMA/CA
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Avoidance
Used in a network where collision
cannot be detected
E.g., wireless LAN
IFS Interframe Space
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CSMA/CA: Flow Diagram
contention
window size is 2K1
After each slot:
- If idle, continue
counting
- If busy, stop counting
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