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    Secondary Storage

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    piyush_ji
    Secondary storage devices can be magnetic or optical. Magnetic devices include floppy disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes, and solid state flash memory. Optical devices include CDs and DVDs. Floppy disks are inexpensive but have low capacity and durability, while hard disks have higher capacity and durability but higher cost. Magnetic tapes are best for backup storage due to low cost and portability but have slow access speeds. Optical discs such as CDs and DVDs have high capacity but slower access than hard disks.

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    Secondary Storage

    Uploaded by

    piyush_ji
    343 views25 pages
    Secondary storage devices can be magnetic or optical. Magnetic devices include floppy disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes, and solid state flash memory. Optical devices include CDs and DVDs. Floppy disks are inexpensive but have low capacity and durability, while hard disks have higher capacity and durability but higher cost. Magnetic tapes are best for backup storage due to low cost and portability but have slow access speeds. Optical discs such as CDs and DVDs have high capacity but slower access than hard disks.

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    Secondary storage devices can be magnetic or optical. Magnetic devices include floppy disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes, and solid state flash memory. Optical devices include CDs and DVDs. Floppy disks are inexpensive but have low capacity and durability, while hard disks have higher capacity and durability but higher cost. Magnetic tapes are best for backup storage due to low cost and portability but have slow access speeds. Optical discs such as CDs and DVDs have high capacity but slower access than hard disks.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    343 views25 pages

    Secondary Storage

    Uploaded by

    piyush_ji
    Secondary storage devices can be magnetic or optical. Magnetic devices include floppy disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes, and solid state flash memory. Optical devices include CDs and DVDs. Floppy disks are inexpensive but have low capacity and durability, while hard disks have higher capacity and durability but higher cost. Magnetic tapes are best for backup storage due to low cost and portability but have slow access speeds. Optical discs such as CDs and DVDs have high capacity but slower access than hard disks.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    Secondary Storage Devices

    Secondary Storage Devices

    Magnetic Devices Optical Devices

    Sequential Access Direct Access CD-ROM

    Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk

    Floppy Disk Hard Disk


    Secondary Storage Devices
    Magnetic Disk –

    - Random Accessed

    - Stored On line

    - Faster Access

    Tracks – For data recording the surface of a disk is divided into a number
    of invisible concentric circles called as tracks.

    Sectors – Each track is further subdivided into sectors, a sector is the


    smallest unit of data access from a disk.
    Floppy Disk

    • Floppy disks are so called


    because they are made
    of flexible plastic plates,
    which can bend, not hard
    plates.
    • They are also known as
    floppies or diskettes.
    • They were introduced by
    IBM in 1972, and are now
    being produced in various
    sizes and capacities by
    many manufacturers.
    Tracks and Sectors

    The disk is divided into


    tracks (brown) and
    sectors (yellow).
    Floppy Disk Drive

    • A floppy-disk drive is a device, which is used to


    read/write data from/to floppy disks.
    • The drive has a spindle, which rotates the disk, and the
    read/write heads, which can move in and out to position
    the read/write heads on any track of the disk surface.
    • It is of the interchangeable magnetic disk type. That is it
    allows loading and unloading of magnetic disks, as and
    when they are needed, for reading/writing data on them.
    3½ -inch floppy disk
    All 3½ floppy disks are of double-sided type, and record
    data on both the disk surfaces. However they come in
    three different capacities –
    • Double density 3½ inch diskettes have 40 tracks, 18
    sectors/track, and 512 bytes/sector – total storage
    capacity 720 KB (approximately).
    • The high density 3½ inch diskettes have 80 tracks, 18
    sectors/track, and 512 bytes/sector – total storage
    capacity 1.4 MB (approximately).
    • The very high density 3½ inch diskettes have 80 tracks,
    36 sectors/track, and 512 bytes/sector – total storage
    capacity 2.88 MB(approximately).
    Floppy Disk

    Advantages – 1. Low Cost

    2. Easy to Carry away.

    Disadvantages – 1. Less durability

    2. Low capacity for


    storage
    Hard disk basics

    • Hard disks were invented in the 1950s.


    • They started as large disks up to 20 inches in diameter
    holding just a few megabytes.
    • They were originally called "fixed disks" or "Winchesters"
    (a code name used for a popular IBM product).
    • They later became known as "hard disks" to distinguish
    them from "floppy disks."
    • Hard disks have a hard platter that holds the magnetic
    medium, as opposed to the flexible plastic film found in
    tapes and floppies.
    Capacity and Performance

    • Capacity of the drive - the number of bytes it can hold.-


    10 and 40 gigabytes.
    • Data rate - The data rate is the number of bytes per
    second that the drive can deliver to the CPU. Rates
    between 5 and 40 megabytes per second are common.
    Access time on Disk
    • Seek time : Time to position the head on a specific
    track.
    • Latency time : The time required by a sector to
    reach below the read/write head.
    • Disk Access time : Is considered to be sum of seek
    time and latency time.
    Storing the data
    • Data is stored on the
    surface of a platter in
    sectors and tracks.
    Tracks are concentric
    circles, and sectors are
    pie-shaped wedges on a
    track.
    • A typical track is shown in
    yellow; a typical sector is
    shown in blue.
    • A sector contains a fixed
    number of bytes -- for
    example, 256 or 512.
    Hard-disk drive

    • It is a sealed aluminum
    box with controller
    electronics attached to
    one side
    Electronics Board
    • The electronics control
    the read/write mechanism
    and the motor that spins
    the platters.
    • The electronics also
    assemble the magnetic
    domains on the drive into
    bytes (reading) and turn
    bytes into magnetic
    domains (writing).
    Platters & Arm
    Removing the cover from
    the drive reveals an
    extremely simple but very
    precise interior

    • The platters - These


    typically spin at 3,600 or
    7,200 rpm when the drive is
    operating.

    • The arm - This holds the


    read/write heads and is
    controlled by the
    mechanism in the upper-left
    corner.
    Multiple Platters

    • In order to increase the


    amount of information the
    drive can store, most
    hard disks have multiple
    platters. This drive has
    three platters and six
    read/write heads:
    Hard Disk

    Advantages – Disadvantages -

    1. More Capacity 1. Difficult to carry away

    2. More Durable 2. Costly

    3. Faster Access
    Magnetic: Zip
    – In this type, a single disk
    platter is encased in a
    plastic cartridge.
    – Commonly used zip disk is
    of 3½ inch size, having
    storage capacity of 100
    MB, depending upon the
    formatting style used by a
    particular computer
    system.
    – Its disk drive is called a zip
    drive.
    • Storage Capacity- up to
    750 MB at the moment.
    Magnetic: Cartridges
    • Each Jaz cartridge is basically
    a hard disk, with several
    platters, contained in a hard,
    plastic case.
    • The cartridge contains neither
    the heads nor the motor for
    spinning the disk; both of
    these items are in the drive
    unit.
    • The current Jaz drive uses 2-
    GB cartridges, but also
    accepts the 1-GB cartridge
    used by the original Jaz.
    Magnetic: Portable Drives
    • Completely external, portable
    hard drives are quickly
    becoming popular, due in a
    great part to USB technology.
    • These units, like the ones
    inside a typical PC, have the
    drive mechanism and the
    media all in one sealed case.
    • The drive connects to the PC
    via USB cable and, after the
    driver software is installed the
    first time, is automatically listed
    by Windows as an available
    drive.
    • This 20-GB Pockey Drive fits
    in the palm of your hand.
    Magnetic Tape
     Magnetic tapes are mounted on reels or a cartridge
    or a cassette of tape to store large volumes or
    backup data.
     The tape drive is termed as sequential access drive.
     The tapes are one of the earliest storage devices.

     They are low cost, low speed, portable and are still widely used
    because of their low cost.
     Used for Backup Storage

     Slower Access
    Solid-state Storage

     A very popular type of removable storage for small


    devices, such as digital cameras and PDAs, is Flash
    memory.

     Flash memory is a type of solid-state technology, which


    basically means that there are no moving parts

     Flash memory is an erasable memory chip.


    Solid-state Storage Devices
    • Flash-memory storage
    devices such as
    CompactFlash or
    SmartMedia cards are
    today's most common form
    of electronic nonvolatile
    memory.
    • This SmartMedia card
    holds 64 MB.
    Solid-state Storage Devices

    This CompactFlash
    card holds 128 MB!
    Optical Media
    Optical disk drive uses laser beams to
    read and write bits of information on the
    disk surface.
    – Not as fast as magnetic hard disks
    – Massive storage capacity and reliability
    – CD-ROM
    • One spiral track
    Optical Devices
    • CD-ROM drives are optical drives that read CD-ROMs.

    • CD-R are WORM media (write-once, read many).

    • CD-RW can read CD-ROMs and write, erase and rewrite


    data onto CD-R & CD-RW disks.

    • DVD (digital versatile disks) store & distribute all kinds of


    data. They hold between 3.8 and 17 gigabytes of
    information.
    Mass Storage Devices
    Mass storage devices are storage systems, which have
    very high storage capacity.

     Disk Array (RAID)


     Automated Tape Library
     CD-ROM Jukebox

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