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Chapter 5 - Strings, Procedures and Macros: From Microprocessors and Interfacing by Douglas Hall

This chapter discusses string manipulation instructions, procedures, and macros in 8086 assembly language. It covers using string instructions to move and compare strings. Procedures are described as reusable blocks of code that are called via the CALL and RET instructions. Parameters can be passed to procedures using registers, memory locations, or the stack. Macros provide a way to define reusable blocks of code like procedures but avoid stack overhead. The chapter provides examples of string operations, defining and calling procedures and macros, and debugging multi-module programs.

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248 views25 pages

Chapter 5 - Strings, Procedures and Macros: From Microprocessors and Interfacing by Douglas Hall

This chapter discusses string manipulation instructions, procedures, and macros in 8086 assembly language. It covers using string instructions to move and compare strings. Procedures are described as reusable blocks of code that are called via the CALL and RET instructions. Parameters can be passed to procedures using registers, memory locations, or the stack. Macros provide a way to define reusable blocks of code like procedures but avoid stack overhead. The chapter provides examples of string operations, defining and calling procedures and macros, and debugging multi-module programs.

Uploaded by

gokulchandru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5 - Strings,

Procedures and Macros


from Microprocessors and Interfacing by
Douglas Hall

Objective
At the conclusion of this chapter you will be able to:
Use 8086 string manipulation instructions to perform a variety of
operations on a sequence of data words in the memory.
Describe how a stack is initialize and used in 8086 assembly
language program which call procedures.
Write an 8086 assembly language program which calls a near
procedure.
Write an 8086 assembly language program which calls a far
procedure.
Write, assemble, link and run a program which consists of more
than one module.
Write and use an assembler macro.

Outline
The 8086 String instructions

Moving a String
Using compare string byte to check password

Writing and using procedures

The CALL and RET instructions


The 8086 Stack
Using PUSH and POP
Passing parameters to and from procedures
Writing and debugging program containing procedures
Reentrant and Recursive procedures
Writing and Calling Far procedures
Accessing a procedure

Writing and using Assembler Macros

Comparison Macros and Procedures


Defining and calling a Macro without parameters
Passing parameters to Macros

The 8086 String instructions


A string is the series of bytes stored in successive
memory locations.
Word processor or text editor programs can be used to
create strings.
These programs have facility to search through the text.

Moving a String(contd.)
Definition:
You have a string of ASCII characters in successive memory
locations in data segment, and you want to move the string to
some new location in the data segment.

Basic pseudo code:


REPEAT
MOVE BYTE FROM SOURCE STRING
TO DESTINATION STRING
UNTIL ALL BYTES MOVED

Moving a String(contd.)
The basic pseudo code doesnt help much in understanding how the
algorithm will be implemented.
Expanded code:
INITIALIZE SOURCE POINTER, SI
INITIALIZE DESTINATION POINTER, DI
INITIALIZE COUNTER, CX
REPEAT
COPY BYTE FROM SOURCE TO DESTINATION
INCREMENT SOURCE POINTER
INCREMENT DESTINATION POINTER
DECREMENT COUNTER
UNTIL COUNTER=0

Using compare string byte to check


password(contd.)
Definition:
We want to compare a user entered password to the correct
password stored in the memory. If the passwords do not match
we want to sound an alarm and If the passwords matches we
will allow access to computer for that user.

Need:
REPEAT-UNTIL
Compare String instruction CMPS

Using
compare
string byte
to check
passwordflowchart

Using compare string byte to check


password - Code
Code:
INITIALIZE PORT DEVICE FOR OUTPUT
INTIALIZE SOURCE POINTER-SI
INITALIZE DESTINATION POINTER-DI
INITIALIZE COUNTER-CX
REPEAT
COMPARE SOURCE BYTE WITH DESTINATION BYTE
INCREMENT SOURCE POINTER
INCREMENT DESTINATION POINTER
DECREMENT COUNTER
UNTIL (STRING BYTES NOT EQUAL) OR (CX=0)
IF STRING BYTES NOT EQUAL THEN
SOUND ALARM
STOP
ELSE DO NEXT MAINLINE INSTRUCTION

Writing and using procedures


Avoid writing the same sequence of instruction again
and again.
Write it in a separate subprogram and call that
subprogram whenever

necessary.

For that CALL instruction is used.

The CALL and RET


instructions(contd.)
The CALL Instruction:
Stores the address of the next instruction to be executed
after the CALL instruction to stack. This address is called
as the return address.
Then it changes the content of the instruction pointer
register and in some cases the content of the code
segment register to contain the starting address of the
procedure.

The CALL and RET


instructions(contd.)

Chart for CALL


and RET
instruction

The CALL and RET


instructions(contd.)
Types of CALL instructions:
DIRECT WITHIN-SEGMENT NEAR CALL: produce the starting
address of the procedure by adding a 16-bit signed displacement
to the contents of the instruction pointer.
INDIRECT WITHIN-SEGMENT NEAR CALL: the instruction pointer is
replaced with the 16-bit value stored in the register or memory
location.
THE DIRECT INTERSEGMENT FAR CALL: used when the called
procedure is in different segment. The new value of the instruction
pointer is written as bytes 2 and 3 of the instruction code. The low
byte of the new IP value is written before the high byte.
THE INDIRECT INTERSEGMENT FAR CALL: replaces the instruction
pointer and the contents of the segment register with the two 16bit values from the memory.

The CALL and RET instructions


The 8086 RET instruction:
When 8086 does near call it saves the instruction pointer
value after the CALL instruction on to the stack.
RET at the end of the procedure copies this value from
stack back to the instruction pointer (IP).

The 8086 Stack


Section of memory you
set aside for storing
return addresses.
Also used to store the
contents of the registers
for the calling program
while a procedure
executes.
Hold data or address that
will be acted upon by
procedures.

Using PUSH and POP


The PUSH register/memory instruction decrements the
stack pointer by 2 and copies he contents of the specified
16-bit register or memory location to memory at the new
top-of-stack location.
The POP register/memory instruction copies the word on
the top-of-stack to the specified 16-bit register or memory
location and increments the stack pointer by 2.

Passing parameters to and from


procedures
Major ways of passing parameters to and from a
procedure:
In register
In dedicated memory locations accessed by name
With pointers passed in registers
With the stack

Writing and debugging programs


containing procedures
Carefully workout the overall structure of the program
and break it down into modules which can easily be
written as procedures.
Simulate each procedure with few instructions which
simply pass test values to the mainline program. This is
called as dummy or stubs.
Check that number of PUSH and POP operations are
same.
Use breakpoints before CALL, RET and start of the
program or any key points in the program.

Reentrant and Recursive procedures


Reentrant procedures: The procedure which can be
interrupted, used and reentered without losing or
writing over anything.
Recursive procedure: It is the procedure which call
itself.

Writing and Calling Far procedures


It is the procedure that is located in a segment which
has different name from the segment containing the
CALL instruction.

Accessing Procedure
Accessing a procedure in another segment
Put mainline program in one segment and all the procedures in
different segment.
Using FAR calls the procedures can accessed as discuss above.
Accessing procedure and data in separate assembly
module
Divide the program in the series of module.
The object code files of each module can be linked together.
In the module where variables or procedures are declared, you
must use PUBLIC directive to let the linker know that it can be
accessed from other modules.
In a module which calls procedure or accesses a variable in
another module, you must use the EXTERN directive.

Writing and using Assembler Macros

Comparison Macros and Procedures


A big advantage of using procedures is that the machine
codes for the group of instruction in the procedures needs
to be loaded in to main memory only once.
Disadvantage using the procedures is the need for the
stack.
A macro is the group of instruction we bracket and give a
name to at the start of the program.
Using macro avoids the overhead time involved in calling
and returning from a procedures.
Disadvantage is that this will make the program take up
more memory than using a procedure.

Defining and calling a Macro without


parameters

Passing parameters to Macros


The words NUMBER,
SOURCE and
DESTINATION are
called as the dummy
variables. When we
call the macro, values
from the calling
statements will be
put in the instruction
in place of the
dummies.

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