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Overview of Telecom Networks-01

The document provides an overview of the evolution of telecommunication networks from early signaling methods like semaphore and Morse code to modern wireless technologies. It describes key developments like the first commercial telegraph service in 1856, the invention of the telephone in the late 19th century, and the transition to electronic digital exchanges starting in the 1960s. The document also summarizes concepts like local and trunk networks, time division switching, and wireless technologies like radio, satellites, and mobile phones.

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Jason Rogers
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65 views37 pages

Overview of Telecom Networks-01

The document provides an overview of the evolution of telecommunication networks from early signaling methods like semaphore and Morse code to modern wireless technologies. It describes key developments like the first commercial telegraph service in 1856, the invention of the telephone in the late 19th century, and the transition to electronic digital exchanges starting in the 1960s. The document also summarizes concepts like local and trunk networks, time division switching, and wireless technologies like radio, satellites, and mobile phones.

Uploaded by

Jason Rogers
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Overview of Telecommunication

Networks-I

Objectives
In this chapter, we will learn to:
Describe the growth of telecommunications
technology since the early 20th century
Facilities provided to subscribers,Administration
and Maintenance personnel.
Concepts of local and Trunk Networks
Call routing
Functions of a typical Telephone Exchange.
conclusion

Evolution of Telecommunication Technology


Todays telecommunication technologies have
evolved from the earliest smoke signals to
almost instant global transmission of large
amounts of data.

Early Signaling and Telegraphy


Semaphore - a type of signaling, in which visual cues represent letters
or words.
Morse code - the transmission of a series of short and long pulses
(dots and dashes) that represented characters.
Duplexing - simultaneously transmitting a signal in both directions
along the same wire.
Multiplexing - simultaneously transmitting of an indeterminate
number of multiple signals over one circuit.

Early Signaling and Telegraphy


1856 - Western Union Telegraph Company was founded.
1861 Over two thousand telegraph offices operated across the United
States.

Telephone Technology

Telephone Technology

Chronological Development of Electronic


Exchanges
1965 No.1 ESS

Local

Bell labs,USA

1973 Metaconta

Local

LMT,France

1975 Proteo

Local
&Transit

Proteo,Italy

1976 No.4 ESS

Transit Bell labs,USA

1978 AXE

Local

1981 E-10B

Local& CIT,ALCATE
Transit L,FRANCE

1990 EWSD

Local& Seimens,
Transit Germany

Ericsson,Sweden

DIGITAL EXCHANGESCAPACITY
MODEL

CAPACITY
LINES (IN
1000)

CAPACITY
TRUNKS (IN
1000)

TRAFFIC
EARLANGS

CALLS
ATTEMPTED
PER SECOND

E-10B

30

2400

25

AXE10 64

60

26000

800000

OCB283

200

60

25000

800000

EWSD

250

60

25200

1000000

5ESS

250

60

26000

1000000

FETEX 240

60

24000

180000

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC
EXCHANGES
ELECTRO MECHANICAL
EXCHANGES

ELECTRONIC
EXCHANGES

Limited flexibility

Highly flexible

Partial availability
hence blocking

Full availability hence


non-blocking

Swg speed is in milli


seconds

In micro seconds

Lot of swg noice

Almost noiceless

Long testing time

Short testing time

Preventive Mtce is
necessary

Remedial Mtce is very


easy

Constraints of electronic
exchanges

Total protection from dust


Stable power supply
Temperature & Humidity control
PCB Repair
And Faster obsolescence

Telephone Network

External plant of an exchange


MDF WILL HAVE TWO SIDES LINE SIDE and
EXCHANGE SIDE
ON LINE SIDE,100pr ARE
TERMINATED PER TAG BLOCK
ON EXCHANGE SIDE, NUMBER OF
PAIRS VARIES AS PER SWITCHS
TECHNOLOGY

PILLARS
One exchange can have any number of
pillars that are necessitated based on the
topography of that exchange external plant
U/G cables that connect the MDF and
pillars are called as Primary cables.
U/G cables that connect the pillar and the
DPs in that pillar area are called as
Distribution cables.

DP
A DPs capacity can be 1,2,5,10,20 or 50
pairs.
Each DP is given a 4 digit number, in which
the first 2 digits indicate the pillar number
in which that DP is working.
Through a Drop wire ,the connection is
extended into customer premises.

Local & Trunk N/W

LOCAL & TRUNK CALLS


A call is called a local call if the calling and
called subscribers are within the same
SDCA.
Inter SDCA calls are called as Trunk
calls,which generally pass through the TAX
exchange.

SPC Exchange

Main sub-systems of Electronic


exchange

Terminal equipment
Switching network
Switching processor
Switching peripherals
Signalling interfaces
Data processing peripherals

BASICS OF SWITCHING
It must be possible for every telephone in
the world to be connected to every other
telephone, through some type of switch.

Customer Premise Equipment (CPE)


Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) is the
term used to denote the station equipment the
customer uses to interface with the PSTN.
It is a generally used term and covers any
equipment the customer uses when calling on
the PSTN.
There are many services available on the PSTN
and many different varieties of CPE.

SPACE DIVISION SWG


Space division switching where each call
is allocated a physical path through a
sequence of switches in the exchange.
This is an analogue technique.
It is relatively old, and no new
installations use this technique

TIME DIVISION SWG


Time division switching, where each side
of a call is allocated a time slot every
125s into which the 8 bit PCM coded
sample is inserted at each switch point.
The call is not allocated a path through
the exchange, but only a sequence of time
slots.
All new exchanges since about 1980 use
this technique.

Time Division switching

RSU CONCEPT
In some cases a telephone is not connected
directly into an exchange, but instead all the
telephones in an area or business estate are
connected back to a Remote Subscriber Unit
(RSU) or concentrator, which in turn is connected
to an exchange by means of a 2.048 Mbit/s, 32
channel PCM link.
The concentrator does no switching, this is all
done in the Main exchange, even for a call
between neighbours.
The main saving here is in the cost of

RSU

Wireless Technology
Telegraphs and telephones are examples of wireline, or
wire-bound technology, because they rely on physically
connected wires to transmit and receive signals.
Wireless technology - relies on the atmosphere to transmit
and receive signals.

Wireless Technology
Examples of wireless technology

Phones
Radios
Televisions
Satellite communications

Wireless Technology
1894- Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi a method of
transmitting electromagnetic signals through the air.
His invention relied on an induction coil.

Wireless Technology

Induction coil is made by winding wire in a either one or multiple


layers around a metal rod to form a coil then applying a charge

Charged wire induces an electromagnetic field that generates voltage

Marconi connected an induction coil to a telegraph key. Each time the


key was pressed the coil discharged a voltage through the air between
to brass surfaces

Metal filings in a glass cylinder became charged and cohered. The


length of time they cohered translated into short and long pulses.

Pulses were relayed to a Morse code printer.

Marconi invention used the same type of signals sent and received by a
telegraph.

Wireless Technology
Vacuum tube - a sealed container made of glass, metal, or
ceramic, that contains, in a vacuum, a charged plate that
transmits current to a filament.
Audion - patented in 1907by DeForest, is a type of vacuum
tube that contains an additional electrode in the middle of the
positive and negative electrodes.
Boosts or amplifies a signal.
First instants of signal amplification and it formed the basis for all
subsequent radio and television advances.

1912- Edwin Armstrong improved the Audion. He discovered


that by feeding the signal back the tube the power of the
Audion could be increased.

Wireless Technology
Continued experimentation resulted in the invention of
Frequency modulation.
Frequency modulation is technology used in FM
radio and other forms of wireless technology.
In Frequency modulation one wave containing the
information to be transmitted (for example, on a
classical FM radio station, a violin concerto) is
combined with another wave, called a carrier wave,
whose frequency is constant.
Frequency is the number of times each second that a sine wave
completes a full cycle.

Wireless Technology
The advent of FM radio afforded the best clarity of all
wireless technologies then available.
Walkie-Talkies use frequency modulation
1946- Bell Laboratories connect the first wireless car
phone to the St. Louis network.
1962- Telstar Satellite successfully transmitted
television and telephone conversation across the
Atlantic for the first time.

Wireless Technology
Geosynchronous - means that satellites orbit the
earth at the same rate as the earth turns.
Uplink - a broadcast from an earth-based
transmitter to an orbiting satellite.
At the satellite, a transponder receives the uplink,
then transmits the signals to another earth-based
location in a downlink.

Wireless Technology

THANK YOU

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