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Describing Data: Frequency Distributions and Graphic Presentation

chpt02

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60 views22 pages

Describing Data: Frequency Distributions and Graphic Presentation

chpt02

Uploaded by

Ramiz Keyra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1-1

Chapter Two

Describing Data:
Frequency
Distributions and
GOALS
Graphic
Presentation
When you have completed this chapter, you
will be able to:

ONE
Organize data into a frequency distribution.
TWO
Portray a frequency distribution in a histogram, frequency polygon, and
cumulative frequency polygon.
THREE
Develop a stem-and-leaf display.
FOUR
Present data using such graphic techniques as line charts, bar charts, and pie
charts.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-2

Frequency Distribution

Frequency distribution: A grouping of


data into categories showing the
number of observations in each
mutually exclusive category.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

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2-3

Construction of a Frequency Distribution

q u e s t io n t o
b e a d re s s e d

c o lle c t d a t a
(ra w d a ta )

o r g a n iz e d a t a

p re s e n t d a ta
(g ra p h )

d ra w
c o n c lu s io n

fr e q u e n c y d is t r ib u t io n

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-4

Frequency Distribution

Class mark (midpoint): A point that


divides a class into two equal parts.
This is the average between the upper
and lower class limits.
Class interval: For a frequency
distribution having classes of the same
size, the class interval is obtained by
subtracting the lower limit of a class
from the lower limit of the next class.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-5

EXAMPLE 1
Dr. Tillman is the dean of the school of
business and wishes to determine the
amount of studying business school students
do. He selects a random sample of 30
students and determines the number of
hours each student studies per week: 15.0,
23.7, 19.7, 15.4, 18.3, 23.0, 14.2, 20.8, 13.5,
20.7, 17.4, 18.6, 12.9, 20.3, 13.7, 21.4, 18.3,
29.8, 17.1, 18.9, 10.3, 26.1, 15.7, 14.0, 17.8,
33.8, 23.2, 12.9, 27.1, 16.6.
Organize the data into a frequency
distribution.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

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2-6

EXAMPLE 1

continued

Consider the classes 8-12 and 13-17. The class marks are 10 and 15. The
class interval is 5 (13-8).

Hours studying
8-12
13-17
18-22
23-27
28-32
33-37
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

Frequency, f
1
12
10
5
1
1
The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-7

Suggestions on Constructing a Frequency


Distribution

The class intervals used in the


frequency distribution should be
equal.
Determine a suggested class interval
by using the formula: i = (highest
value-lowest value)/number of
classes.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-8

Suggestions on Constructing a Frequency


Distribution

Use the computed suggested class


interval to construct the frequency
distribution.
Note: this is a suggested class
interval; if the computed class interval
is 97, it may be better to use 100.
Count the number of values in each
class.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-9

Relative Frequency Distribution


The relative frequency of a class is obtained by
dividing the class frequency by the total frequency.
Hours

8-12

Frequency,
Relative
f
Frequency
1
1/30=.0333

13-17

12

12/30=.400

18-22

10

10/30=.333

23-27

5/30=.1667

28-32

1/30=.0333

33-37

1/30=.0333

TOTAL

30

30/30=1

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

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2-10

Stem-and-Leaf Displays

Stem-and-Leaf Display: A statistical


technique for displaying a set of data.
Each numerical value is divided into two
parts: the leading digits become the
stem and the trailing digits the leaf.
Note: An advantage of the stem-andleaf display over a frequency
distribution is we do not lose the
identity of each observation.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-11

EXAMPLE 2

Colin achieved the following scores on his


twelve accounting quizzes this semester:
86, 79, 92, 84, 69, 88, 91, 83, 96, 78, 82,
85. Construct a stem-and-leaf chart for
the data.
stem

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

leaf

89

2345 68

126
The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-12

Graphic Presentation of a Frequency


Distribution

The three commonly used graphic forms


are histograms, frequency polygons, and a
cumulative frequency distribution (ogive).
Histogram: A graph in which the classes
are marked on the horizontal axis and the
class frequencies on the vertical axis. The
class frequencies are represented by the
heights of the bars and the bars are drawn
adjacent to each other.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-13

Graphic Presentation of a Frequency


Distribution

A frequency polygon consists of line


segments connecting the points
formed by the class midpoint and the
class frequency.
A cumulative frequency distribution
(ogive) is used to determine how
many or what proportion of the data
values are below or above a certain
value.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

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2-14

Histogram for Hours Spent Studying

14
Frequency

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10

15

20

25

30

35

Hours spent studying

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-15

Frequency Polygon for Hours Spent


Studying

14

Frequency

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10

15

20

25

30

35

Hours spent studying

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-16

Less Than Cumulative Frequency


Distribution For Hours Studying

35
30
25
Frequency

20
15
10
5
0
10

15

20

25

30

35

Hours Spent Studying

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-17

Bar Chart

A bar chart can be used to depict any


of the levels of measurement
(nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
EXAMPLE 3: Construct a bar chart for
the number of unemployed people
per 100,000 population for selected
cities of 1995.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

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2-18

EXAMPLE 3

City
Atlanta, GA
Boston, MA
Chicago, IL
Los Angeles, CA
New York, NY
Washington, D.C.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

continued

Number of unemployed
per 100,000 population

7300
5400
6700
8900
8200
8900
The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-19

# unemployed/100,000

Bar Chart for the Unemployment Data

10000
8000

8900
7300

8200

8900

6700
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Los Angeles
New York
Washington

5400

6000
4000
2000
0
1

Cities

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-20

Pie Chart

A pie chart is especially useful in


displaying a relative frequency
distribution. A circle is divided
proportionally to the relative
frequency and portions of the circle
are allocated for the different groups.
EXAMPLE 4: A sample of 200 runners
were asked to indicate their favorite
type of running shoe.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill

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2-21

EXAMPLE 4

continued

Draw a pie chart based on the following


information.
Type of shoe

# of runners

Nike

92

Adidas

49

Reebok

37

Asics

13

Other

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

2-22

Pie Chart for Running Shoes

Reebok

Asics
Other
Nike
Adidas
Reebok
Asics
Other

Adidas
Nike

Irwin/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

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