Power Electronics Ned Mohan Slides Ch28
Power Electronics Ned Mohan Slides Ch28
Power Electronics Ned Mohan Slides Ch28
Outline
Drivecircuitdesignconsiderations
DCcoupleddrivecircuits
Isolateddrivecircuits
Protectionmeasuresindrivecircuits
Component/circuitlayoutconsiderations
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts1
Turnpowerswitchfromoffstatetoonstate
Minimizeturnontimethroughactiveregionwherepowerdissipationislarge
Provideadequatedrivepowertokeeppowerswitchinonstate
Turnpowerswitchfromonstatetooffstate
Minimizeturnofftimethroughactiveregionwherepowerdissipationislarge
Providebiastoinsurethatpowerswitchremainsoff
Controlpowerswitchtoprotectitwhenovervoltagesorovercurrentsaresensed
Signalprocessingcircuitswhichgeneratethelogiccontrolsignalsnotconsideredpartofthedrivecircuit
Drivecircuitamplifiescontrolsignalstolevelsrequiredtodrivepowerswitch
Drivecircuithassignificantpowercapabilitiescomparedtologiclevelsignalprocessingcircuits
Provideelectricalisolationwhenneededbetweenpowerswitchandlogiclevelsignalprocessing/controlcircuits
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts2
Unipolar
Waveshapingtoimproveswitchperformance
ControlleddiB/dtforBJTturnoff
AntisaturationdiodesforBJTdrives
Speedupcapacitors
Frontporch/backporchcurrents
Componentlayouttominimizestrayinductanceandshieldingfromswitching
noise
CopyrightbyJohn
Bipolar
DriveCkts3
UnipolarDCcoupledDriveCircuitBJTExample
Circuit operation
V
V
BB
Design procedure
V BE,off
R2 =
IB,off
Ipnp = IB,on +
I
o
Comparator
pnp
R
1
V
control
value of Io.
V BB = VCE,on(Qpnp) + R1 IC,pnp + VBE,on(Qsw)
V BB = 8 to 10 V ; compromise between larger values which
minimize effects of V BE variations and smaller values
which minimize power dissipation in drive circuit
CopyrightbyJohn
Q
sw
R
2
V
reference
DriveCkts4
UnipolarDCcoupledDriveCircuitsMOSFETexamples
V
V
BB
d
V
>
control
reference
comparator output
o
Comparator
R
high and Q
on
sw
R
2
V
control
<
control
reference
sw
comparator output
low and Q
of
sw
V
reference
V
d
GG
>
control
reference
comparator output
I
o
high putting Q
npn
Comparator
R
on
and thus Q
on
sw
<
control
reference
control
Q
+
sw
comparator output
G
low putting Q
on
pnp
and thus Q
V
of
sw
reference
V
V
d
GG
I
o
V
control
R
G
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts5
BipolarDCcoupledDriveCircuitBJTExample
BB+
Comparator
Largereversebasecurrentflowsto
minimizeturnofftimeandbaseemitter
ofQswreversedbiasedtoinsureoff
state.
BB+
control
Vcontrol<Vreferencecomparatoroutput
low,TBonand Qswoff.
T
B+
+
Q
sw
Vcontrol>Vreferencecomparatoroutput
high,TB+onandQswon.
BV
reference
C
BB-
V
BB-
CopyrightbyJohn
Largeforwardbasecurrenttominimize
turnontimeandtoinsuresaturationof
Qswforlowonstatelosses
DriveCkts6
BipolarDCcoupledDriveCircuitMOSFETExample
V
GG+
Comparator
I
o
D
f
T
B+
Bipolardrivewithsubstantialoutput
currentcapability
GG+
control
+
Q
sw
R
-
V
reference
T
B-
C
GG-
V
GG-
V
d
V
GG+
I
o
C
GG+
sw
G
Simplebipolardrivecircuitwith
moderate(1amp)outputcurrent
capability
C
GG-
V
GG-
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts7
NeedforElectricalIsolationofDriveCircuits
Isolated auxiliary
Negativehalfcycleofvs(t)positivedc
railnearsafetygroundpotential.T
emitterpotentiallargeandnegativewith
respecttosafetyandlogicground
power to base
drive circuits
base
Postivehalfcycleofvs(t)negativedc
railnearsafetygroundpotential.T+
emittersubstantiallypositivewithespect
tosafetygroundifTisoff
Signal
drive
isolation
circuit
Logic and
V
d
Control
v
Electronics
S
D
base
Signal
T
drive
F-
isolation
circuit
Control
Variationinemitterpotentialswith
respecttosafetyandlogicgroundmeans
thatelectricalisolationofemittersfrom
logicgroundisneeded.
Inputs
Safety
Ground
CopyrightbyJohn
F+
DriveCkts8
MethodsofControlSignalIsolation
Input to remainder of
Transformerisolation
control ckts
Light-
BB+
emitting
Isolated
dc supply
diode
Signal
Input to remainder of
from
Optocouplerisolation
logic
Power switch
Control logic
reference node
ground
Photo-transistor
V
BB+
AC
Isolateddcpowersupplies
fordrivecircuits
power in
V
BB-
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts9
OptoCouplerIsolatedBJTDrive
V
BB+
Signal
Opto-coupler
from
control
electronics
R
B
C
BB+
T
B+
Q
sw
T
B-
C
BB-
V
BB-
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts10
TransformercoupledBJTDrive
V
d
Fast
High
signal
frequency
diodes
B
Oscillator
f
C
transformer
BB+
T
B+
Q
Q
sw
T
B-
C
BB-
V
control
V
BB+
AC
power
in
V
BB-
Oscillator output
V
control
t
Transformer
primary voltage
Input to
CopyrightbyJohn
comparator
DriveCkts11
OptoCouplerIsolatedMOSFETDrives
V
Signal
Opto-coupler
d
GG+
from control
electronics
I
o
D
f
T
B+
C
GG+
sw
R
G
T
B-
C
GG-
V
GG-
AC
power
in
GG+
Signal
Opto-coupler
from control
I
electronics
C
GG+
DS0026 or
sw
G
UC1706/07
C
GG-
V
GG-
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts12
i
C
R
T1turnedoffstoredenergyingappedtransformercore
inducespositivebasecurrentiBinQswcausingittogoactive
andcollectorcurrentiCbeginstoflow
C
p
N
1
2
Q
sw
i
p
Regenerativeactionoftransformerconnectionssuppliesa
basecurrentiB=N3iC/N2whichkeepsQswonevenwithip=0
T1turnedonpositivecurrentipcausesabasecurrent
iB=N3iC/N2N1ip/N2inQsw
Initiallyipquitelarge(ip(0+)=iB1(0+))soQswturnedoff
T
1
N
3
CircuitdesignmustinsureturnoffiBhasadequatenegative
magnitudeandduration
Bestsuitedforhighfrequencyoperationlowervoltsecond
requirementsontransformer.
CopyrightbyJohn
Alsobestsuitedforlimitedvariationsindutycycle
DriveCkts13
IsolatedDrivesWithoutAuxiliaryDCSupplies
MOSFETExample
V
DD
v
+
Buffer
v
sec
Buffer
output
(1 - D)
DD
C
voltage
t
duty
ratio
Mostsuitableforapplications
wheredutycycleDis50%or
less.Positivegoingsecondary
voltagedecreasesasDincreases.
D= 0.5
sec
t
Buffer output
v
voltage
t
duty
ratio
sec
D= 0.3
t
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts14
IsolatedDriveWithoutAuxiliaryDCSupplies
MOSFETExample
V
control
Inverting
Buffer
v
sec
v
cap
Noninverting
Buffer
Schmitt
trigger
V
control
t
A
v
A
V
Z
V
Z
sec
(dotted)
v
cap
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts15
IsolatedDriveWithoutAuxiliaryDCSupplies
MOSFETExample
4011
Buffer
4047
v
v
control
oscillator
trans
Buffer
(1 MHz)
C
R
C
2
7555
R
v
2s
D
B
1s
v
control
v
Q
C
cha rges up to a
1
positive voltage at
v
power-up a nd remains
Q
there. D
prevents
B
discharge
v
trans
De cay of
1s
voltage on C
2
via R
2
v
2s
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts16
EmitterOpenSwitchingofBJTs
V
i
BB+
standard
RBSOA
emitter open
switching RBSOA
Power
BJT
T
E
control
v
CE
switching
switching
locus with
locus with
standard
emitter open
Circuitoperation
TurnonpowerBJTbyturningonMOSFETTE.
TurnoffpowerBJTbyturningoffMOSFETTE.
Collectorcurrentflowsoutbaseasnegativebasecurrent.
GreateriB(off)comparedtostandarddrivecircuitsiC=biB(off)removesstoredchargemuchfaster
Turnofftimesreduced(uptotentimes).
base drive
base drive
OnstatelossesofseriescombinationofMOSFETandBJTminimized.
LowvoltageMOSFETwhichhaslowlossescanbeused.MaximumoffstateMOSFETvoltagelimitedby
Zenerdiode.
BJTbaseemitterjunctionreversebiasedwhenTEoffsobreakdownratingofBJTgivenbyBVCBOinsteado
of BVCEO.WithlowerBVCEOrating,BJTlossesinonstatereduced.
CircuitalsousefulforGTOsandFCTs.
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts17
ThyristorGateDriveCircuit
1
Line
Voltage
Delayangleblockis
commerciallyavailable
integratedcircuit
zero crossing
detection
gate pulse
TCA780circuitfamily
isolation
transformers
Input
Delay
Control
Angle
Signal
Block
Pulse
Amplifier
gate pulse
Control
isolation
Logic
transformers
Ground
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts18
ThyristorGateDriveCircuit(cont.)
Transformer
Line Voltage
Ramp
Control
Thyristorgatedrivewaveforms
voltage
Control of
1&2
Control of
3&4
D
1
15 V
Gatepulseamplifier
f
R
G
T
G
Trigger signal
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts19
GTOGateDriveCircuit
R
R
2
T
G2
G1
R
10 A
V
pulse
GG+
2A
TurnonTG1andTG2toget
largefrontporchcurrent
Control
Circuit
L
G
V
GGR
7
T
G3
turn-off
TurnoffTG1aftersome
specifiedtimetoreducetotal
gatecurrenttobackporch
value.
pulse
Auxilliary
power supply
circuit
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts20
OvercurrentProtectionWithDriveCircuits
V
d
V
BB+
R
1
o
p
D
p
overcurrent
BJT
protection
control
V
BB-
Point C one diode drop above VCE(sat) when BJT is on. Overcurrent will increase
VCE and thus potential at C.
If C rises above a threshold value and control signal is biasing BJT on,
overcurrent protection block will turn of BJT. Conservate design would
keep
BJT of until a manual reset had been done.
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts21
o
F
Stepdown converter with
C
d
d
short curcuit at t = t
sc
i
C
I
I
C,sc
B,max
I
C(on)max
t
in
CE
sc
OvercurrentlimitedtoIC(on)max<IC,scbykeepingIB,max<IC,sc/b
IC,sc=maximumallowableinstantaneouscollectorcurrent
SameapproachcanbeusedwithMOSFETsandIGBTs.VGSmustberestrictedtokeepdraincurrentto
safevalues.
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts22
BlankingTimesinBridgeCircuitDrives
Optocoupler or
transformer
1+
V
control, T
+
V
signal ground
d
I
o
T
-
V
control, T
V
Optocoupler or
1Control for
transformer
converter leg
V
control,
bridge
V
1+
V
1dead
time
V
control, T
+
blanking
blanking
collector
time
time
current
V
control, T
dead
time
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts23
DriveCircuitWaveshapingforImprovedOperation
V
BB+
AntisaturationdiodeDaskeepsQswactive.
VAE=VBE(on)+VD1=VCE(on)+Vdas
VCE(on)=VBE(on)>VCE(sat)becauseVD1=Vdas
R
B
as
B+
D
1
DsprovidespathfornegativebasecurrentatQswturnoff.
sw
Storagedelaytimeatturnoffreducedbutonstatelossesincreaseslightly.
D
T
2
B-
Speedupcapacitors
V
BB-
i
BB+
R
C
on
T
B+
t
i
B
Transient overdrive
Q
sw
provided via C
for
on
T
B-
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts24
DriveCircuitWaveshaping(cont.)
V
BB+
R
B
Controlledrateofchangeofturnoffbasecurrent
ExcessivelylongcollectorcurrenttailingtimeatBJTturnoffif
diB(off)/dtistoolarge.
T
B+
i
B
Q
sw
InductorLoffrestrictsdiB(off)/dttoVBB/Loff
L
of
T
B-
V
BB-
Frontporch,backporchgate/basecurrentsat
turnon
Back porch
Gate/base
current
current
BB+
Front
Front
porch
R
B1
current
Fasterturnonwithoutputtingdevice
deeplyintoonstatewhereturnoffdelay
timewillbesubstantiallyincreased.
porch
B2
Back
current
porch
Control
current
T
B+
i
B
Q
sw
T
B-
V
BB-
ApplicabletoBJTs,MOSFETs,IGBTs,and
GTOs.
CopyrightbyJohn
DriveCkts25
Circuit/ComponentLayoutConsiderations
Primeconsiderationisminimizingstrayinductance
Strayinductanceinserieswithhighvoltage
side ofpowerdeviceQswcausesovervoltageat
turn
off.
Q
sw
Strayinductanceinserieswithlowvoltageside
powerdeviceQswcancauseoscillationsat
turn onandturnoff.
Onecmofunshieldedleadhasabout5nHof
seriesinductance.
V
d
Keepunshieldedleadlengthstoanabsolute
minimum.
D
Control
Twisted or
Signal
shielded
conductors
Drive
Q
sw
Circui
G
t
Power terminals
Control terminals
Useshieldedconductorstoconnectdrive
circuittopowerswitchiftheremustbe
anyappreciableseparation(fewcmor
more)betweenthem
CopyrightbyJohn
Somepowerdevicesprovidedwithfourleads,twoinput
leadsandtwopowerleads,tominimizestrayinductance
ininputcircuit.
DriveCkts26