Soil and Foundation - Pile Foundation

Soils and Foundations
Pile Foundations
Introduction
Pile foundation used to support structure
poor quality soil
bearing capacity failure
excessive settlement
End-bearing pile
Pile driven until it comes to rest on a hard impenetrable layer
of soil or rock
Friction pile
load of the structure must come from the skin friction or
adhesion between surface of the pile and the soil
Pile Types
Table 10-1 and 10-2
Timber pile
Concrete pile
Cast-in-Place
Precast
Steel
H-pile
Pipe
Pile Capacity
Structural strength of the pile
Material, size and shape
Table 10-3
Supporting strength of the soil

Load transmitted by friction between soil and
sides of pile
Load transmitted to the soil directly to the soil
below the pile tip
Piles in Sand
Q(ult) = Q(friction) + Q(tip)
Q(ult) = f x A(surface) + q(tip) x A(tip)
f x A(surface) = (circumference of pile) x (area
under the p(v) depth curve) x (K) x (tan )
q(tip) = p(v) x N*q
A(tip) = cross-sectional area of pile
Use factor of safety of 2.0 for design load
Piles driven in Clay

Q(ult) = f x A(surface) + q(tip) x A(tip)
f x A(surface) =(c, cohesion of clay) x (, the
adhesion factor) x A(surface)
Soft clay ( =1.0)
Stiff clay (< 1.0)
q(tip) = c x Nc
Nc= 9
A(tip) = cross-sectional area of pile
Loose sand
= 118 pcf
=30
K=0.7
30 ft
1 sq.
5 ft.
GW
30 ft
Loose sand
= 118 pcf
=30
K=0.7
40 ft.
Clay
q(u) = 2000 psf
=115 pcf
14sq.
15
25
1 D
Clay
q(u) = 1200 psf
=102 pcf
Clay
q(u) = 4800 psf
=126 pcf
Pile-Driving Formulas
In theory one can calculate the load-bearing
capacity of a pile based on the amount of
energy required to drive the pile by the hammer
and resulting penetration of the pile.
Engineering news formula
not reliable
Danish formula
Use factor of safety of 3 for determination of the design
load, Q(a).
Q(u) = eh(Eh)/S + 1/2(So)

eh = efficiency of pile hammer (Table 10-6)
Eh = hammer energy rating (Table 10-7)
S = avg. penetration of the pile from the last few driving
blows
So = elastic compression of the pile [(2ehEhL)/(AE)]1/2
L = length of the pile
A = cross sectional area of the pile
E = modulus of elasticity of the pile material
Ex. 10-7
Pile Load Tests

Design based on estimated loads and soil
characteristics
Load test piles
Hydraulic jack
static weight
bearing failure
excessive settlement
Pile Groups and Spacing

Piles placed in groups of three or more
Pile groups tied together by a pile cap
attached to the head of the individual piles and
causes several piles to work together.
Pile spacing
minimum spacing
driven in rock
Not driven in rock
Construction of Pile Foundations

Piling types
Timber, concrete and steel
Pile hammers
Top of the Pile
Cap, cap-block and cushion
Hammer-Pile systems
Base of the Pile
Driving shoes
Drilled Caissons
Deep foundation that is constructed in-place
Drilling and casting concrete in-place
straight-shaft
belled ( reduced contact pressure)
Advantages
lighter and less expensive drilling equipment

quieter than pile drivers
reduce ground vibrations
visual inspection of subsoil
Bearing Capacity of Caissons

Q(ult) = Q(friction) + Q(tip)
Cohesive soils
Q(total) = cNc *A(bottom) + f*A(shaft)
Ex. 11-1
Cohesionless soils
Q(ult) = p(v)*Nq*A(bottom) + (Ko*p(v)*tan )A(shaft)
Ex. 11-3
Bedrock
Ex. 11-4
Lateral Earth Pressure

sideways pressure of soil
Retaining walls, bulkheads and abutments
Soil pressure at rest, P(o)

sideways pressure exerted by earth that is
prevented from movement by an unyielding wall
Active soil pressure, P(a)

sideways pressure exerted by earth that pushes
the wall away from the soil
Resultant = P(o) and location of resultant H/3
When part of the wall is below the water table:

Hydrostatic water pressure must be added to effective lateral
soil pressure to obtain the total (AT REST) soil pressure, P(o).
Active soil pressure

Rankine soil pressure
vertical smooth walls
no adhesion or friction between wall and soil
Lateral soil pressure varies linearly with

depth
resultant acts at a distance of 1/3 the vertical
distance from the heel of the wall and the
resultant is parallel to the backfill surface.
If the backfill surface is level and = 0, the equation simplifies

to:
K(a) = 1- sin /1 + sin
where:
K(a) is the coefficient of active earth pressure
is the angle of internal friction of the backfill soil
Retaining Structures
Structure constructed to hold back a soil
mass
Concrete walls
gravity wall
plain concrete
cantilever wall
steel reinforced
Design based on active earth pressure, P(a)
Stability analysis
horizontal (sliding) movement
vertical (settlement) movement
rotation (overturning)
MOMENTS calculated about the TOE of the wall

FS = M(t)/M(overturnring)
FS = 1.5 for cohesionless soils
FS = 2.0 for cohesive soils
Soil type 1 = clean sand and gravel

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Soils and Foundations

Supporting strength of the soil

Piles driven in Clay

A(tip) = cross-sectional area of pile

Q(u) = eh(Eh)/S + 1/2(So)

Pile Load Tests

Pile Groups and Spacing

Construction of Pile Foundations

lighter and less expensive drilling equipment

Bearing Capacity of Caissons

Lateral Earth Pressure

Soil pressure at rest, P(o)

Active soil pressure, P(a)

Resultant = P(o) and location of resultant H/3

When part of the wall is below the water table:

Active soil pressure

Lateral soil pressure varies linearly with

If the backfill surface is level and = 0, the equation simplifies

Design based on active earth pressure, P(a)

MOMENTS calculated about the TOE of the wall

Soil type 1 = clean sand and gravel

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