Chapter 11 – File Processing

Outline
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Data Hierarchy
11.3 Files and Streams
11.4 Creating a Sequential Access File
11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential Access File
11.6 Updating Sequential Access Files
11.7 Random Access Files
11.8 Creating a Random Access File
11.9 Writing Data Randomly to a Random Access File
11.10 Reading Data Sequentially from a Random
Access File
11.11 Example: A Transaction Processing Program
11.12 Input/Output of Objects

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 11.1 Introduction

• Data files can be created, updated, and processed

by C programs
– Files are used for permanent storage of large amounts
of data
– Storage of data in variables and arrays is only
temporary

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 11.2 The Data Hierarchy
• Bit - smallest data item
– Value of 0 or 1
• Byte – 8 bits
– Used to store a character
• Decimal digits, letters, and special symbols
• Field - group of characters conveying meaning
– Example: your name
• Record – group of related fields
– Represented a struct or a class
– Example: In a payroll system, a record for a particular employee
that contained his/her identification number, name, address, etc.
• File – group of related records
– Example: payroll file
• Database – group of related files

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 11.2 The Data Hierarchy (II)
Sally Black
Tom Blue
Judy Green File
Iris Orange
Randy Red

Judy Green Record

Judy Field
01001010 Byte (ASCII character J)

1 Bit

• Record key
– Identifies a record to facilitate the retrieval of specific records from
a file
• Sequential file
– Records typically sorted by key
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 11.3 Files and Streams
• C views each file as a sequence of bytes
– File ends with the end-of-file marker
• Or, file ends at a specified byte
• Stream created when a file is opened
– Provide communication channel between files and programs
– Opening a file returns a pointer to a FILE structure
• Example file pointers:
• stdin - standard input (keyboard)
• stdout - standard output (screen)
• stderr - standard error (screen)
• FILE structure
– File descriptor - Index into operating system array called the open
file table
– File Control Block (FCB) - Found in every array element, system
uses it to administer the file

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 11.3 Files and Streams (II)

• Read/Write functions in standard library

– fgetc - reads one character from a file
• Takes a FILE pointer as an argument
• fgetc( stdin ) equivalent to getchar()
– fputc - writes one character to a file
• Takes a FILE pointer and a character to write as an argument
• fputc( 'a', stdout ) equivalent to putchar( 'a' )
– fgets - read a line from a file
– fputs - write a line to a file
– fscanf / fprintf - file processing equivalents of scanf
and printf

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 11.4 Creating a Sequential Access
File
• C imposes no file structure
– No notion of records in a file
– Programmer must provide file structure
• Creating a File
– FILE *myPtr; - creates a FILE pointer
– myPtr = fopen("myFile.dat", openmode);
• Function fopen returns a FILE pointer to file specified
• Takes two arguments - file to open and file open mode
• If file not opened, NULL returned
– fprintf - like printf, except first argument is a FILE
pointer (the file receiving data)
– feof(FILE pointer) - returns true if end-of-file indicator
(no more data to process) is set for the specified file

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 11.4 Creating a Sequential Access
File (II)
– fclose(FILE pointer) - closes specified file
• Performed automatically when program ends
• Good practice to close files explicitly

• Details
– Programs may process no files, one file, or many files
– Each file must have an unique name and will have a different
pointer
• All file processing must refer to the file using the pointer
Mode Desc ription

r Open a file for reading.

w Create a file for writing. If the file already exists, discard the current contents.
a Append; open or create a file for writing at end of file.
r+ Open a file for update (reading and writing).
w+ Create a file for update. If the file already exists, discard the current contents.
a+ Append; open or create a file for update; writing is done at the end of the file.

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1 /* Fig. 11.3: fig11_03.c
2 Create a sequential file */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 { 1. Initialize
7 int account; variables and FILE
8 char name[ 30 ]; pointer
9 double balance;
10 FILE *cfPtr; /* cfPtr = clients.dat file pointer */
11 1.1 Link the
12 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "clients.dat", "w" ) ) == NULL ) pointer to a file
13 printf( "File could not be opened\n" );
14 else {
15 printf( "Enter the account, name, and balance.\n" );
2. Input data
16 printf( "Enter EOF to end input.\n" );
17 printf( "? " ); 2.1 Write to file
18 scanf( "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance ); (fprintf)
19
20 while ( !feof( stdin ) ) {
21 fprintf( cfPtr, "%d %s %.2f\n", 3. Close file
22 account, name, balance );
23 printf( "? " );
24 scanf( "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
25 }
26
27 fclose( cfPtr );
28 }
29
30 return 0;
31 
} 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Enter the account, name, and balance.
Outline
Enter EOF to end input.
? 100 Jones 24.98
? 200 Doe 345.67
? 300 White 0.00 Program Output
? 400 Stone -42.16
? 500 Rich 224.62
?

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 11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential
Access File
• Reading a sequential access file
– Create a FILE pointer, link it to the file to read
myPtr = fopen( "myFile.dat", "r" );
– Use fscanf to read from the file
• Like scanf, except first argument is a FILE pointer
fscanf( myPtr, "%d%s%f", &myInt, &myString, &myFloat );

– Data read from beginning to end

– File position pointer - indicates number of next byte to be
read/written
• Not really a pointer, but an integer value (specifies byte location)
• Also called byte offset
– rewind(myPtr) - repositions file position pointer to beginning of
the file (byte 0)

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 1 /* Fig. 11.7: fig11_07.c
2 Reading and printing a sequential file */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
1. Initialize
7 int account;
8 char name[ 30 ]; variables
9 double balance;
10 FILE *cfPtr; /* cfPtr = clients.dat file pointer */
11
1.1 Link pointer to
12 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "clients.dat", "r" ) ) == NULL ) file
13 printf( "File could not be opened\n" );
14 else {
15 printf( "%-10s%-13s%s\n", "Account", "Name", "Balance" ); 2. Read data
16 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance ); (fscanf)
17
18 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
19 printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n", account, name, balance ); 2.1 Print
20 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
21 }
22
3. Close file
23 fclose( cfPtr );
24 }
25
26 return 0;
27 }

Account Name Balance

100 Jones 24.98
200 Doe 345.67
300 White 0.00
400 Stone -42.16
500 2000 Prentice
Rich Hall, Inc. All rights
224.62 reserved. Program Output
 1 /* Fig. 11.8: fig11_08.c
2 Credit inquiry program */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 { 1. Initialize
7 int request, account; variables
8 double balance;
9 char name[ 30 ];
10 FILE *cfPtr; 2. Open file
11
12 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "clients.dat", "r" ) ) == NULL )
13 printf( "File could not be opened\n" ); 2.1 Input choice
14 else {
15 printf( "Enter request\n"
16 " 1 - List accounts with zero balances\n"
2.2 Scan files
17 " 2 - List accounts with credit balances\n"
18 " 3 - List accounts with debit balances\n" 3. Print
19 " 4 - End of run\n? " );
20 scanf( "%d", &request );
21
22 while ( request != 4 ) {
23 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", &account, name,
24 &balance );
25
26 switch ( request ) {
27 case 1:
28 printf( "\nAccounts with zero "
29 "balances:\n" );
30
31 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
32 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
33 if ( balance == 0 )
34 printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n", Outline
35 account, name, balance );
36
37 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf",
38 &account, name, &balance ); 2.2 Scan files
39 }
40
41 break; 3. Print
42 case 2:
43 printf( "\nAccounts with credit "
44 "balances:\n" );
45
46 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
47
48 if ( balance < 0 )
49 printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n",
50 account, name, balance );
51
52 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf",
53 &account, name, &balance );
54 }
55
56 break;
57 case 3:
58 printf( "\nAccounts with debit "
59 "balances:\n" );
60
61 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
62
63 if ( balance > 0 )
64 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n",
65 account, name, balance );
66 Outline
67 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf",
68 &account, name, &balance );
69 }
70 3.1 Close file
71 break;
72 }
73
74 rewind( cfPtr );
75 printf( "\n? " );
76 scanf( "%d", &request );
77 }
78
79 printf( "End of run.\n" );
80 fclose( cfPtr );
81 }
82
83 return 0;
84 }

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Enter request
Outline
1 - List accounts with zero balances
2 - List accounts with credit balances
3 - List accounts with debit balances
4 - End of run Program Output
? 1

Accounts with zero balances:

300 White 0.00

? 2

Accounts with credit balances:

400 Stone -42.16

? 3

Accounts with debit balances:

100 Jones 24.98
200 Doe 345.67
500 Rich 224.62
? 4
End of run.

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 11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential
Access File (II)
• Sequential access file
– Cannot be modified without the risk of destroying other
data

300 White 0.00 400 Jones 32.87 (old data in file)

If we want to change White's name to Worthington,

300 Worthington 0.00

300 White 0.00 400 Jones 32.87

Data gets overwritten

300 Worthington 0.00ones 32.87

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 11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential
Access File (III)
• Formatted output
– Different representation in files and screen than internal
representation
– 1, 34, -890 are all ints, but have different sizes on
disk

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 11.6 Random Access Files
• Random access files
– Access individual records without searching through other records
– Instant access to records in a file
– Data can be inserted without destroying other data
– Data previously stored can be updated or deleted without
overwriting.
• Implemented using fixed length records
– Sequential files do not have fixed length records
0 100 200 300 400 500

} byte offsets
}
}
}
}
}
}
100 100 100 100 100 100
bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes

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 11.7 Creating a Random Access File
• Data
– Data unformatted (stored as "raw bytes") in random
access files
• All data of the same type (ints, for example) use the same
memory
• All records of the same type have a fixed length
• Data not human readable

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 11.7 Creating a Random Access File
(II)
• Unformatted I/O functions
– fwrite - Transfer bytes from a location in memory to a file
– fread - Transfer bytes from a file to a location in memory
– fwrite( &number, sizeof( int ), 1, myPtr );
• &number - Location to transfer bytes from
• sizeof( int ) - Number of bytes to transfer
• 1 - For arrays, number of elements to transfer
– In this case, "one element" of an array is being transferred
• myPtr - File to transfer to or from
• fread similar

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 11.7 Creating a Random Access File
(III)
• Writing structs
fwrite( &myObject, sizeof (struct myStruct), 1, myPtr );
– sizeof - Returns size in bytes of object in parentheses

• To write several array elements

– Pointer to array as first argument
– Number of elements to write as third argument

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1 /* Fig. 11.11: fig11_11.c
2 Creating a randomly accessed file sequentially */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 struct clientData {
6 int acctNum; 1. Define struct
7 char lastName[ 15 ];
8 char firstName[ 10 ];
1.1 Initialize
9 double balance;
variable
10 };
11
12 int main() 1.2 Initialize struct
13 {
14 int i;
15 struct clientData blankClient = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
2. Open file
16 FILE *cfPtr;
17 2.1 Write to file
18 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "w" ) ) == NULL ) using unformatted
19 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" ); output
20 else {
21
22 for ( i = 1; i <= 100; i++ ) 3. Close file
23 fwrite( &blankClient,
24 sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, cfPtr );
25
26 fclose( cfPtr );
27 }
28
29 return 0;
30 
} 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
 11.8 Writing Data Randomly to a
Random Access File
• fseek
– Sets file position pointer to a specific position
– fseek( myPtr, offset, symbolic_constant);
• myPtr - pointer to file
• offset - file position pointer (0 is first location)
• symbolic_constant - specifies where in file we are reading
from
• SEEK_SET - seek starts at beginning of file
• SEEK_CUR - seek starts at current location in file
• SEEK_END - seek starts at end of file

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 1 /* Fig. 11.12: fig11_12.c
2 Writing to a random access file */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 struct clientData {
6 int acctNum; 1. Define struct
7 char lastName[ 15 ];
8 char firstName[ 10 ];
9 double balance; 1.1 Initialize
10 }; variables
11
12 int main()
13 { 2. Open file
14 FILE *cfPtr;
15 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
16
2.1 Input data
17 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "r+" ) ) == NULL )
18 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" ); 2.2 Write to file
19 else {
20 printf( "Enter account number"
21 " ( 1 to 100, 0 to end input )\n? " );
22 scanf( "%d", &client.acctNum );
23
24 while ( client.acctNum != 0 ) {
25 printf( "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? " );
26 fscanf( stdin, "%s%s%lf", client.lastName,
27 client.firstName, &client.balance );
28 fseek( cfPtr, ( client.acctNum - 1 ) *
29 sizeof( struct clientData ), SEEK_SET );
30 fwrite( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1,
31 cfPtr );
32 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc.
printf( "EnterAll rightsaccount
reserved. number\n? " );
33 scanf( "%d", &client.acctNum );

34 }
Outline
35

36 fclose( cfPtr );
3. Close file
37 }

38

39 return 0;

40 }

Enter account number (1 to 100, 0 to end input)

? 37 Program Output
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Barker Doug 0.00
Enter account number
? 29
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Brown Nancy -24.54
Enter account number
? 96
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Stone Sam 34.98

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Enter account number
Outline
? 88
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Smith Dave 258.34
Enter account number Program Output
? 33
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Dunn Stacey 314.33
Enter account number
? 0

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 11.9 Reading Data Sequentially from
a Random Access File
• fread
– Reads a specified number of bytes from a file into memory
fread( &client, sizeof (struct clientData), 1,
myPtr );
– Can read several fixed-size array elements
• Provide pointer to array
• Indicate number of elements to read
– To read multiple elements, specify in third argument

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 1 /* Fig. 11.15: fig11_15.c
2 Reading a random access file sequentially */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 struct clientData {
6 int acctNum; 1. Define struct
7 char lastName[ 15 ];
8 char firstName[ 10 ];
9 double balance; 1.1 Initialize
10 }; variables
11
12 int main()
13 { 2. Read (fread)
14 FILE *cfPtr;
15 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
16
2.1 Print
17 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "r" ) ) == NULL )
18 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
19 else {
20 printf( "%-6s%-16s%-11s%10s\n", "Acct", "Last Name",
21 "First Name", "Balance" );
22
23 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
24 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1,
25 cfPtr );
26
27 if ( client.acctNum != 0 )
28 printf( "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n",
29 client.acctNum, client.lastName,
30 client.firstName, client.balance );
31 }
32 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
33 fclose( cfPtr );

34 }
Outline
35

36 return 0; 3. Close file

37 }

Acct Last Name First Name Balance Program Output

29 Brown Nancy -24.54
33 Dunn Stacey 314.33
37 Barker Doug 0.00
88 Smith Dave 258.34
96 Stone Sam 34.98

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 11.10 Example: A Transaction
Processing Program

• Uses random access files to achieve instant access

processing of a bank’s account information

• We will
– Update existing accounts
– Add new accounts
– Delete accounts
– Store a formatted listing of all accounts in a text file

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 1 /* Fig. 11.16: fig11_16.c
2 This program reads a random access file sequentially, Outline
3 updates data already written to the file, creates new
4 data to be placed in the file, and deletes data
5 already in the file. */
6 #include <stdio.h> 1. Define struct
7
8 struct clientData {
9 int acctNum; 1.1 Function
10 char lastName[ 15 ]; prototypes
11 char firstName[ 10 ];
12 double balance;
13 }; 1.2 Initialize
14 variables
15 int enterChoice( void );
16 void textFile( FILE * );
17 void updateRecord( FILE * ); 1.3 Link pointer
18 void newRecord( FILE * ); and open file
19 void deleteRecord( FILE * );
20
21 int main()
2. Input choice
22 {
23 FILE *cfPtr;
24 int choice;
25
26 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "r+" ) ) == NULL )
27 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
28 else {
29
30 while ( ( choice = enterChoice() ) != 5 ) {
31
32 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc.
switch All rights reserved.
( choice ) {
33 case 1:
34 textFile( cfPtr ); Outline
35 break;
36 case 2:
37 updateRecord( cfPtr );
38 break; 2.2 Perform action
39 case 3:
40 newRecord( cfPtr );
41 break; 3. Close file
42 case 4:
43 deleteRecord( cfPtr );
44 break; 3.1 Function
45 } definitions
46 }
47
48 fclose( cfPtr );
49 }
50
51 return 0;
52 }
53
54 void textFile( FILE *readPtr )
55 {
56 FILE *writePtr;
57 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
58
59 if ( ( writePtr = fopen( "accounts.txt", "w" ) ) == NULL )
60 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
61 else {
62 rewind( readPtr );
63 fprintf( writePtr, "%-6s%-16s%-11s%10s\n",
64 2000 Prentice Hall,"Acct",
Inc. All rights
"Lastreserved.
Name", "First Name","Balance" );
65
66 while ( !feof( readPtr ) ) { Outline
67 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1,
68 readPtr );
69
70 if ( client.acctNum != 0 ) 3.1 Function
71 fprintf( writePtr, "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n", definitions
72 client.acctNum, client.lastName,
73 client.firstName, client.balance );
74 }
75
76 fclose( writePtr );
77 }
78
79 }
80
81 void updateRecord( FILE *fPtr )
82 {
83 int account;
84 double transaction;
85 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
86
87 printf( "Enter account to update ( 1 - 100 ): " );
88 scanf( "%d", &account );
89 fseek( fPtr,
90 ( account - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
91 SEEK_SET );
92 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
93
94 if ( client.acctNum == 0 )
95 printf( "Acount #%d has no information.\n", account );
96 2000
else { Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Prentice
97 printf( "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n\n",
98 client.acctNum, client.lastName, Outline
99 client.firstName, client.balance );
100 printf( "Enter charge ( + ) or payment ( - ): " );
101 scanf( "%lf", &transaction );
102 client.balance += transaction; 3.1 Function
103 printf( "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n", definitions
104 client.acctNum, client.lastName,
105 client.firstName, client.balance );
106 fseek( fPtr,
107 ( account - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
108 SEEK_SET );
109 fwrite( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1,
110 fPtr );
111 }
112 }
113
114 void deleteRecord( FILE *fPtr )
115 {
116 struct clientData client,
117 blankClient = { 0, "", "", 0 };
118 int accountNum;
119
120 printf( "Enter account number to "
121 "delete ( 1 - 100 ): " );
122 scanf( "%d", &accountNum );
123 fseek( fPtr,
124 ( accountNum - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
125 SEEK_SET );
126 2000 Prentice&client,
fread( Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
127
128 if ( client.acctNum == 0 ) Outline
129 printf( "Account %d does not exist.\n", accountNum );
130 else {
131 fseek( fPtr,
132 ( accountNum - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ), 3.1 Function
133 SEEK_SET ); definitions
134 fwrite( &blankClient,
135 sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
136 }
137 }
138
139 void newRecord( FILE *fPtr )
140 {
141 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
142 int accountNum;
143 printf( "Enter new account number ( 1 - 100 ): " );
144 scanf( "%d", &accountNum );
145 fseek( fPtr,
146 ( accountNum - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
147 SEEK_SET );
148 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
149
150 if ( client.acctNum != 0 )
151 printf( "Account #%d already contains information.\n",
152 client.acctNum );
153 else {
154 printf( "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? " );
155 scanf( "%s%s%lf", &client.lastName, &client.firstName,
156 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
&client.balance );
157 client.acctNum = accountNum;

158 fseek( fPtr, ( client.acctNum - 1 ) * Outline

159 sizeof( struct clientData ), SEEK_SET );

160 fwrite( &client,

3.1 Function
161 sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
definitions
162 }

163 }

164

165 int enterChoice( void )

166 {

167 int menuChoice;

168

169 printf( "\nEnter your choice\n"

170 "1 - store a formatted text file of acounts called\n"

171 " \"accounts.txt\" for printing\n"

172 "2 - update an account\n"

173 "3 - add a new account\n"

174 "4 - delete an account\n"

175 "5 - end program\n? " );

176 scanf( "%d", &menuChoice );

177 return menuChoice;

178 
} 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
After choosing option 1 accounts.txt contains:
Outline
Acct Last Name First Name Balance
29 Brown Nancy -24.54
33 Dunn Stacey 314.33 Program Output
37 Barker Doug 0.00
88 Smith Dave 258.34
96 Stone Sam 34.98

Enter account to update (1 - 100): 37

37 Barker Doug 0.00

Enter charge (+) or payment (-): +87.99

37 Barker Doug 87.99

Enter new account number (1 - 100): 22

Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Johnston Sarah 247.45

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