What is DOE:

The successful and efficient running of any system or any

process largely depends on the fact that how it has been
designed. Before a system or any process is developed it
need to go through many experiments and a fruitful
experiment helps the system or process to be designed
successfully. So Design of Experiment (DOE) has a very
important role in development of any system or a process.

Contd
DOE
is a systematic approach for investigation
.
of a system or process. A series of structured
tests are designed in which planned changes
are made to the input variables of a process or
system. The effects of these changes on a predefined output are then assessed. DOE is
important as a formal way of maximizing
information gained while minimizing resources
required. It has more to offer than one change
at a time experimental methods, because it
allows a judgment on the significance to the
output of input variables acting alone, as well

Contd
Designed
experiments are carried out in four
.
phases: planning, screening (also called process
characterization), optimization, and verification.
Planning :
Careful planning helps to avoid problems that
can

occur

during

the

execution

of

the

experimental plan. For example, personnel,

equipment

availability,

funding,

and

the

mechanical aspects of the system may affect

the ability to complete the experiment. The
following are some of the steps that may be
necessary.

i) Problem Definition, ii) Object

Definition, iii) Development of an experimental

Contd
Screening:
.
In

many

manufacturing

process

development

applications,

and

potentially

influential variables are numerous. Screening

reduce the number of variables by identifying
the key variables that affect product quality.
This reduction allows process improvement
efforts to be focused on the rally important
variables, or the vital few. Screening may also
suggest the best or optimal settings for these
factors, and indicate whether or not curvature
exists in the responses. Then, it can use
optimization methods to determine the best

Contd
.

Optimization:
Next step after identified the vital few by
screening, the best or optimal values for
these

experimental

factors

needed

to

be

determine. Optimal factor values depend on the

process objective. For example, maximize the
welding speed and minimize the laser power.
Verification:
Verification involves performing a follow up
experiment at the predicted best processing
conditions to confirm the optimization results.

Taguchi Design:
Dr. Genichi Taguchi is regarded as the foremost
proponent of robust parameter design, which is
an engineering method for product or process
design that focuses on minimizing variation
and/

or

sensitivity

to

noise.

When

used

properly, Taguchi designs provide a powerful

and efficient method for designing products
that operate consistently and optimally over a
variety of conditions. In robust parameter
design, the primary goal is to find factor
settings that minimize response variation, while

The fundamental Terms Used in Taguchi

Design:
Orthogonal
utilizes

arrays:

orthogonal

The

arrays

taguchi
from

method

design

of

experiments theory to study a large number of

variables with a small number of experiments.
Using orthogonal arrays significantly reduces
the number of experimental configurations to
be studied. Furthermore, the conclusions drawn
from small scale experiments are valid over the
entire experimental region spanned by the
control factors and their settings.

Contd
.Orthogonal arrays are not unique to Taguchi.
They

were

discovered

considerably

earlier.

However, Taguchi has simplified their use by

providing tabulated sets of standard orthogonal
arrays and corresponding linear graphs to fit
specific projects.
Examples of standard orthogonal arrays:
L-4, L-8, L-12, L-16, L-32 and L-64 all at 2 levels
L-9, L-18 and L-27

at 3 & 2

levels
L-16 and L-32

modified at

Table: 1
Typical L16 orthogonal array with coded value:
Std Run Factor
1
1
1
1
6
2
2
8
3
2
2
4
1
5
5
2
4
6
1
10 7
3
15 8
4
16 9
4
14 10
4
13 11
4
7
12
2
12 13
3
11 14
3
3
15
1
9
16
3

Factor
2
1
2
4
2
1
4
2
3
4
2
1
3
4
3
3
1

Factor
3
1
1
3
2
2
4
4
2
1
3
4
4
2
1
3
3

Factor
4
1
4
2
2
3
4
3
4
3
1
2
1
1
2
3
4

Factor
5
1
3
1
2
4
4
1
1
2
4
3
2
3
4
3
2

Response
1

Table: 2
Typical L18 orthogonal array with coded value:
Expt.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Control Factors
A
B
C

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
2
3
1
2
3
2
3
1
3
1
2
2
3
1
3
1
2

1
2
3
2
3
1
1
2
3
3
1
2
3
1
2
2
3
1

1
2
3
2
3
1
3
1
2
2
3
1
1
2
3
3
1
2

1
2
3
3
1
2
2
3
1
2
3
1
3
1
2
1
2
3

1
2
3
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
1
2
3
1

1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

Contd
.S/N rations and MSD analysis: Taguchi
recommends the use of signal to noise (S/N) as
opposed to simple process optimizing process
parameters. The rationale is that while there is
a need to maximizing the mean (signal) in the
sense of its proximity to nominal value, it is also
desirable to minimize the process variations
(noise). The use of S/N accomplishes both
objectives simultaneously.

Contd
.In order to evaluate the influence of each
selected factor on the responses, the S/N for
each control factor should be calculated. The
signals have indicated that the effect on the
average responses, which would indicate the
sensitiveness of the experiment output to the
noise factors. The appropriate S/N ratio must be
chosen using previous knowledge, expertise,
absent

signal

factor

(Static

design),

it

is

possible to choose the S/N ratio depending on

the goal of the design. S/N ratio selection is
based on Mean Squared Deviation (MSD) for

Contd
.The relationships among observed results, MSD
and S/N rations are follows (1 to 4):
For nominal is better
--(1)
For smaller is better
For bigger is better
For all characteristic
S/N = - 10Log (MSD)
------------------------------------------(4)

Contd
.
Analysis of variance (Anova): Analysis of
variance (analysis of variance) is a general
method

for

relationships.

studying
The

sampled

method

data

enables

the

difference between two or more sample means

to be analyzed, achieved by subdividing the
total sum of squares. One way Anova is the
simplest case. The purpose is to test for
significant differences between class means,
and this is done by analyzing the variances.

Contd
.Analysis of variance (Anova) is similar to
regression in that it is used to investigate and
model the relationship between a response
variable

and

one

or

more

independent

variables. In effect, analysis of variance extends

the two sample t test for testing the equality
of two population means to a more general null
hypothesis of comparing the equality of more
than two means, versus those that are not all
equal. Table 3 is a sample of the Anova table
used for analysis of the models developed in

Contd
.

Table 3: Sample Anova table for a model:

Source

SS

df

MS

Model

SSM

SSI

SS2

Each
Each
MS FromTableor
SS
Divided by automatically
Divided MSE
from
the
byItsdf
software

SS3

PS

SS12

PF

SS13

SF

SS23

P2

SS11

S2

SS22

F2

SS33

Residual SSE

np1

Cor.
Total

nl

SSt

FV Value

Prob.>Fv

Contd
.
Where,
p : Number of coefficients in the model.
df : Degree of freedom,
SS : Sum of squares,
MS : Mean squares,
n: Total number of runs
Cor. Total : Sum of squares total corrected for
the mean.

Optimization:
The optimization will allow the industrial user to
achieve the optimum welding composition and
process parameter to achieve the desired weld
pool shape and mechanical properties. All
independent variables are measurable and can
be repeated with negligible error. The objective
function can be represented by :
Objective = f (x1, x2, , xn)
----------------(9)
Where : n is number of independent variables.

Fig 1: Classification of modeling and

optimization techniques:

Grey System Theory:

The

multi-criteria

decision-making

problem

must be determined not with the exact criteria

values, but with fuzzy values or with values
taken

from

some

intervals.

Deng

(1982)

developed the Grey system theory. According to

him, the Grey relational analysis has some
advantages: it involves simple calculations and
required a smaller number of samples; a typical
distribution of samples is not needed; the
quantified outcomes from the Grey relational
grade do not result in contradictory conclusions
from

the

qualitative

analysis;

the

Grey

relational grade model is a transfer functional

The Meaning of Grey in Grey System:

The cognition of our natural and/or artificial
universe has been a tedious and a progressive
process.

The

formulations

artificial

laws

are

of

certainly

natural
not

and

overnight

happenings. Nature to us is not white (full of

precise information), but on the other hand, it is
not black (completely lack of information)
either, and it is mostly grey (a mixture of black
and white).
analytical,

is

Our thinking, no matter how

grey.

While

our

action

and

reaction, no matter how practical, is also grey.

In fact, since the beginning of our existence, we

Grey Relational Model:

Existence

of

Grey

Relation:

Objective

observation of many existing systems shows

they consist of a number of subsystems, and
the relations between these subsystems are
extremely complex. In particular, the different
states of appearances and the randomness of
changes

(chaotic

system),

cause

great

confusion in the cognition of the true nature of

the systems. But the very essence of grey
system theory is to provide an analytic concept
of

the

grey

relational

degree

of

these

subsystems. Here the central methodology is to

Contd.
We find, in the course of grey systems research,
that if the basic states of causal changes of two
subsystems

are

similar,

their

synchronized

degree of changes is high, and hence their grey

relational grade is high; otherwise their grey
relational grade is low. Therefore, we can
provide

quantitative

measure

in

grey

relational analysis of systems during the course

of its dynamic. There are differences between
grey relational analysis and the regression
analysis of statistics. In that:

Contd.
1. They

are

foundations.

different
Grey

in

their

relational

theoretical
analysis

is

based on the grey process of the grey

system theory, whereas regression analysis
is based on the random process of the
probability theory;
2. Grey

relational

analysis

compares

and

computes the dynamic causalities of the

subsystems of the given system, whereas
regression analysis focuses on the grouped
values of the random variables;

Contd.
3. Grey

relational

analysis

requires

very

minimal raw data (as few as 4 in cardinality),

whereas

regression

analysis

require

sufficiently large set of sample data; and

4. Grey relational analysis mainly investigates
and dynamic process of the system, whereas
regression analysis mainly studies the static
behavior of the system.

Contd.
Grey Relational Numerical Method :
I. The Processing of Primitive Data
The physical meanings of the causal elements
in a system could be different. As a result there
are differences in the systems data index
(catalog), and during the process of analytic
comparison, we find difficulty in reaching a
proper are correct conclusion. Therefore, we
use:
.

Contd.

1. Mean value processing. We first compute the

mean values of all the primitive sequences
x1, X2,-, Xp (data space of the dynamic).
Then we use these mean values to divide
values of the corresponding sequences to
obtain a collection of new sequences, which
is now called the mean valued sequences
Xi, X2,.., Xp.
2. Initial value processing. We use the first
value of each sequence to divide each
succeeding

value

of

the

corresponding

Contd.

In general when analyzing the dynamic process

of certain stable socio-economic systems, we
often employ this initial valued process.

Contd.

Contd.

Contd.

Contd.

Contd.

Contd.

Contd.

Contd.

References:
1. T. Muthuramalingama, B. Mohanb, Application of Taguchigrey multi responses optimization on process parameters in
electro erosion, Volume58, December 2014, Pages 495
502
2. Mihir Patel, Vivek Deshpande, Application of Taguchi
ApproachforOptimizationRoughnessforBoringoperationof
E250B0forStandardIS:2062onCNCTC,IJEDR|Volume
2,Issue2|ISSN:2321-9939
3. Kaining Shi, Dinghua Zhang, Junxue Ren, Changfeng Yao
and Yuan Yuan, Multiobjective Optimization of Surface
Integrity in Milling TB6 Alloy Based on Taguchi-Grey
Relational Analysis, Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
Volume2014,ArticleID280313,7pages.

Contd..
4. Raghuraman S, Thiruppathi K, Panneerselvam T and
SantoshS,OPTIMIZATIONOFEDMPARAMETERSUSING
TAGUCHI METHOD AND GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS
FOR MILD STEEL IS 2026, International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology,Vol.2,Issue7,July2013
5. Ajeet Kumar rai, Shalini yadav Richa Dubey and Vivek
Sachan,ApplicationofTaguchiMethodintheOptimizationof
Boring Parameters, International Journal of Advanced
ResearchinEngineeringandTechnology,Volume4,Issue4,
MayJune2013,pp.191-199
6. B.Shivapragash, K.Chandrasekaran, C.Parthasarathy and
M.Samuel,MultipleResponseOptimizationsinDrillingUsing
Taguchi and Grey Relational Analysis, International Journal
of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol.3, Issue.2,
March-April.2013pp-765-768.

Contd..
4. Raghuraman S, Thiruppathi K, Panneerselvam T and
SantoshS,OPTIMIZATIONOFEDMPARAMETERSUSING
TAGUCHI METHOD AND GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS
FOR MILD STEEL IS 2026, International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology,Vol.2,Issue7,July2013
5. Ajeet Kumar rai, Shalini yadav Richa Dubey and Vivek
Sachan,ApplicationofTaguchiMethodintheOptimizationof
Boring Parameters, International Journal of Advanced
ResearchinEngineeringandTechnology,Volume4,Issue4,
MayJune2013,pp.191-199
6. B.Shivapragash, K.Chandrasekaran, C.Parthasarathy and
M.Samuel,MultipleResponseOptimizationsinDrillingUsing
Taguchi and Grey Relational Analysis, International Journal
of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol.3, Issue.2,
March-April.2013pp-765-768.

Contd..
7. Reddy Sreenivasulu and Dr. Ch. Srinivas Rao,
Application of Grey Relational Analysis for Surface
Roughness and Roughness Error in Driling of Al 6061
Alloy, International Journal of Lean Thinking, Volume
3, Issue 2.
8. Hartaj Singh, TAGUCHI OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS
PARAMETERS: A REVIEW AND CASE STUDY,
International Journal of Advanced Engineering
Research and Studies, E-ISSN22498974.

THANK
YOU