CHAPTER 9:

Array

BEE1222: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

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Syllabus

9.1

Array Initialization

9.2

Passing Array to
Function

9.3

Multidimensional
Array
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Lesson Outcomes
1.

Understand the concept of array and able to

use it to minimize the complexity of the
program

2.

Understand the concept of multidimensional

array

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9.1 Array Initialization

Database
(store/sort/searc
h/tables of
value)

How
programm
er needs
to keep
track a
number of
UMP
students ?
??

Array : Easy for memory allocation and saving data

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Arrays

Collection of data elements which hold

multiple variables of the same data type.

An index is used to identify the elements of

the array.

In C, indexing starts at zero

Programmer can put in any type of data in

the defined array memory such as integer,
floating point, character etc.

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Using Arrays

Array data type can be used in all elements of

programming:
1. I/O Statements
2. Operation Statements
3. Selection Statement
4. Repetitive Statements
5. Functions

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Array Types
Single array a[n]
multidimensional array a[n][m]
String array char a[n]

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Example of memory allocation for 10-elements array

Name of array

a[0]
a[1]
a[2]
a[3]

1
2

a[4]

a[5]

a[6]

a[7]

a[8]

a[9]
a[10]
8

8
9
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Value in memory
location

Array (Declaration)
Syntax:
Data_type variable_name [elements];
char ch [10];
int a [5];
int b[3], c[7];

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Array (Initialization)

ata_type variable_name [elements] = {value_list};

data_type a[n]={d0,d1,dn1};
int a[5]={0,1,2,3,4};example:a[4]=3
doublex[3]={5.5,4.4,3.3};
charvowel[5]={a,e,i,o,u};
charvowel[5]=aeiou;

10

int names[2];
names[0] = 101;
names[1] = 232;

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For
holding
strings

Example 1
#include<stdio.h>
intmain()
{
inta[6]={1,2,223,
56,889,90},i;
for(i=0;i<=5;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i]);
}
return(0);
}

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Example 2
#include<stdio.h>
intmain()
{
intn[10],i;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
n[i]=0;//initializearray
}
printf("%s%13s\n","Element","Value");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)//printarray
{
printf("%7d%13d\n",i,n[i]);
}
return0;
}
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Example 3
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define SIZE 10
int main ()
{
int i, n[SIZE];
printf ("Insert 10 value of n =");
for (i=0;i<=9;i=i+1)
{
scanf ("%d", &n[i]);
}
printf ("Your entered values are :\n");
for (i=0;i<=9;i=i+1) //print array
{
printf("\tn[%d]=%d\n", i ,n[i]);
}
getch ();
return 0;
}
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9.2 Passing Array to Function

The array is passed

as an array of unspecified size (int array[])

OR
as a pointer (int *arrayPtr)

Changes to the array within the function

affect the original array

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Example 4

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int addNumbers(int fiveNumbers[]); /* declare function */
int main()
{
int array[5];
int i;
printf("Enter 5 integers separated by spaces: ");
for(i=0 ; i<=5 ; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &array[i]);
}
printf("\nTheir sum is: %d\n", addNumbers(array));
getch ();
return 0;
}
int addNumbers(int fiveNumbers[]) /* define function */
{
int sum = 0;
int i;
for(i=0 ; i<=5 ; i++)
{
sum+=fiveNumbers[i];
/* work out the total */
}
return sum;
/* return the total */
}

15

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9.3 Multi Dimensioned Arrays

have two or more index values which specify the

element in the array.

Declaration & Calculation :

int
m1[10][10];
int
m2[2][2] = { {0,1}, {2,3} };
sum = m1[i][j] + m2[k][l];

16

ro
w

lum
o
C n
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Multi Dimensioned Arrays

Value in memory location
a[n][0]

a[n][1]

a[0][m]

a[1][m]

30

33

a[2][m]
a[3][m]

a[n][2]

a[n][2]

n = 0,1,2,3
m = 0,1,2,3
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Example 5
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
int m[4][3] = { {10,5,-3}, {9, 0, 0}, {32,20,1},
{0,0,8} };
int row, column, sum;
sum = 0;
for( row = 0; row < 4; row++ )
for( column = 0; column < 3; column++ )
sum = sum + m[row][column];
printf("The total is %d\n", sum );
getch ();
return 0;
}
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Example 6 :Passing Arrays to Functions

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void printArray(int array[][4]); /* declare function */
int main() {
int array[3][4] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11};
printArray(array);
getch ();
return 0;
}
void printArray(int array[][4]) { /* define function */
int i, j;
for(i=0 ; i<3 ; i++) {
for(j=0 ; j<4 ; j++) {
printf("%2d ", array[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

19

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Character Data Type

Declaration & initialization of character variable

char identifier_name;
char identifier_name = char_literal;
Identifier_name = char_literal;

Accept single character of alphanumeric or

symbols (including blank).

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Character Input and Output

Character input
scanf( %c, &ch)

Note:

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Character output

printf(%c, ch)

A space included before %c

type specifier

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Operations on Character Type

Operation
Copy ch1 = ch2
Logical operators
==/!=
<, <=, >=, >

Increment/decrement

Character manipulation
#include <ctype.h>
Example

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isalpha()
islower()
isupper()
isdigit()
isspace()
tolower()
toupper()

String
Character array (array of char data type)
Declaration & initialization of string variable

char
str[str_len];
char str[] =

strings_value;
string
will add null character \0 to mark end of
Note:
string causing number of character stored
always one less than str_len

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String Input and Output

String Input
scanf(%ms, str);
gets(str);

24

String Output
printf(%-s,str);
puts(str);

Note:

Ampersand (&) not included

as prefix to string variable
identifier
Input Text longer than string
length will cause overflow of
string variable

Note:

Adding minus (-) sign to

type specifier (s) cause left
justification of string
String variable without null
character (\0) may cause
run-time error

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Operation with String

String library function
#include <string.h>,<stdlib.h>

String initialization or assignment statement

strcpy(str_var, str_text);
Checking length of string variable to avoid
overflow
strlen(str_var);

25

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Using Strings with Functions

Sting is array of character, therefore using string
data type with function is similar to using
numeric array with function discussed in earlier
topic.

26

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Array of String
Two-dimensional array of character type
Declaration
char str_ary[row][col];
char str_ary[row][col] = {str1,
str2, , str_row};

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Example 7
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ( )
{
char *name;
strcpy(name,"Siti");
printf("My Name is %s\n",name);
strlen("Siti");
return(0);
}
Compile result:
My Name is
Siti

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Example 8

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main ( )
{
char string1[20];
char string2[ ]="String literal";
int i;
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", string1);
printf("String1 is: %s\nString2 is: %s\n"
"String1 with spaces between characters is: \n",
string1,string2);
for (i=0;string1[i]!= '\0';i++)
{
printf("%c", string1[i]);
}
printf("\n");

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return (0);
}

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Example 9
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <conio.h>
Int main ( )
{
char *string1;
int *array_of_nums;
int str_siz, num_nums, i;

Compile result:
Enter string length and string = 9
alyan
How many numbers
4

printf("Enter string length and string = ");

scanf("%d", &str_siz);
string1 = (char*)calloc(str_siz,sizeof(char));
scanf("%s",string1);
printf("\nHow many numbers?\n");
scanf("%d",&num_nums);
array_of_nums = (int*)calloc(num_nums, sizeof(int));
array_of_nums[0] = 5;
for(i = 1; i <num_nums; ++i){
array_of_nums[i] = array_of_nums[i-1]*i;
}
return (0);
} 30
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Compile result:
Enter string length and string = 9
alyan
How many numbers
4

Illustration:
String1

\0 \0 \0 \0

Array_of_nums
5
5
10
30

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END OF CHAPTER 9
1.
2.

Q& A
Outcomes

Understand the concept of array and able to use it to

minimize the complexity of the program

3.

32

Understand the concept of multidimensional array

Reflection

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