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    Fuzzy Set Theory 2015

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    M_Computer
    This document provides an introduction to fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets. It begins with an overview of classical sets and their operations like union, intersection, complement and difference. It then introduces fuzzy sets, which allow partial membership unlike classical sets. Fuzzy sets are defined using membership functions that assign a value between 0 and 1 to indicate the degree of membership. Standard fuzzy set operations like union, intersection and complement are also defined using functions of the membership values. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts and fuzzy set operations. It explains that fuzzy sets are useful in modeling real-world ambiguity and vagueness compared to classical sets.

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    Fuzzy Set Theory 2015

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    M_Computer
    102 views32 pages
    This document provides an introduction to fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets. It begins with an overview of classical sets and their operations like union, intersection, complement and difference. It then introduces fuzzy sets, which allow partial membership unlike classical sets. Fuzzy sets are defined using membership functions that assign a value between 0 and 1 to indicate the degree of membership. Standard fuzzy set operations like union, intersection and complement are also defined using functions of the membership values. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts and fuzzy set operations. It explains that fuzzy sets are useful in modeling real-world ambiguity and vagueness compared to classical sets.

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    This document provides an introduction to fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets. It begins with an overview of classical sets and their operations like union, intersection, complement and difference. It then introduces fuzzy sets, which allow partial membership unlike classical sets. Fuzzy sets are defined using membership functions that assign a value between 0 and 1 to indicate the degree of membership. Standard fuzzy set operations like union, intersection and complement are also defined using functions of the membership values. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts and fuzzy set operations. It explains that fuzzy sets are useful in modeling real-world ambiguity and vagueness compared to classical sets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    102 views32 pages

    Fuzzy Set Theory 2015

    Uploaded by

    M_Computer
    This document provides an introduction to fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets. It begins with an overview of classical sets and their operations like union, intersection, complement and difference. It then introduces fuzzy sets, which allow partial membership unlike classical sets. Fuzzy sets are defined using membership functions that assign a value between 0 and 1 to indicate the degree of membership. Standard fuzzy set operations like union, intersection and complement are also defined using functions of the membership values. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts and fuzzy set operations. It explains that fuzzy sets are useful in modeling real-world ambiguity and vagueness compared to classical sets.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 32

    Introduction to Fuzzy

    Logic, Classical Sets &


    Fuzzy Sets
    Nirmala Shinde

    Content
    Introduction
    Classical sets
    Operation on Classical set
    Properties of Classical Set
    Fuzzy set
    Operation on Fuzzy set
    Properties of Fuzzy set

    Introduction
    The word fuzzy means vagueness (ambiguity).
    Fuzziness occurs when the boundary of a piece of
    information is not clear-cut.
    Fuzzy system was first proposed by an American
    professor, Lotfi A. Zadeh, in 1965 when he
    presented his seminal paper on "fuzzy sets."[1]
    American professor introduced the fuzzy logic theory, it
    was first implemented in the control of cement kilns
    in Denmark in 1977.[2]The Japanese were successful
    in applying fuzzy logic in commercial goods like
    automobiles and washing machine.

    Cont
    Some typical examples where fuzzy logic has been
    implemented are
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.

    Railway (Sendai Railways in Japan)


    Automobile industries (transmission and braking)
    Heating and cooling systems
    Copy machines
    Washing machines

    Classical Sets
    Classical set theory allows the membership of the elements in the set in binary
    terms.
    Fuzzy set theory permits membership function valued in the interval [0,1].
    Example:
    Words like young, tall, good or high are fuzzy.

    There is no single quantitative value which defines the term young.


    For some people, age 25 is young, and for others, age 35 is young.
    The concept young has no clean boundary.
    Age 35 has some possibility of being young and usually depends on the context in which it
    is being considered.

    Fuzzy set theory is an extension of classical set theory where elements have
    degree of membership.

    Cont
    In real world, there exist much fuzzy knowledge (i.e. vague, uncertain
    inexact etc).
    Human thinking and reasoning
    (analysis, logic, interpretation)
    frequently involved fuzzy information.
    Human can give satisfactory answers, which are probably true.
    Our systems are unable to answer many question because the systems
    are designed based upon classical set theory (Unreliable and
    incomplete).
    We want, our system should be able to cope with unreliable and
    incomplete information.
    Fuzzy system have been provide solution.

    Is water Colorless?
    Yes! (1)
    Is water
    colorless?

    Crisp
    No! (0)
    Extremely Honest
    (1)

    Is Ram Honest?

    Is Ram Honest?

    Very Honest
    (0.80)
    Fuzzy

    Honest at time
    (0.40)
    Extremely dishonest
    (0.0)

    Classical Vs Fuzzy Set Theory


    Classical set theory

    Fuzzy set theory

    Classes of objects with Classes of objects with


    sharp boundaries.
    un-sharp boundaries.
    A classical set is defined A fuzzy set is defined by
    by
    crisp(exact) its
    ambiguous
    boundaries, i.e., there is boundaries, i.e., there
    no uncertainty about the exists uncertainty about
    location
    of
    the
    set the location of the set
    boundaries.
    boundaries.
    Widely used in digital Used in fuzzy controllers.
    system design

    Classical Sets (Crisp Set)


    A Set is any well defined collection of objects.
    An object in a set is called an element or member of that set.
    Sets are defined by a simple statement.
    Describing whether a particular element having a certain property
    belongs to that particular set.
    A = {a1,a2,a3,,an}
    If the elements ai (i = 1,2,3,.,n) of a set A are subset of universal
    set X, then set A can be represented for all elements x X by its
    characteristics function
    A (x) = 1 if x X otherwise 0

    Cont..
    For crisp sets A and B consisting of collections of some
    elements in X, the following notation is defined:
    For sets A and B on X, we also have

    Classical Sets
    All possible sets of X constitute a special set called the power set,
    P(X).
    Example: We have a universe comprised of three elements, X={a,
    b, c}, so the cardinal number is n x = 3.
    The power set is
    P(X) = {, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c}, {a,b,c}}
    The cardinality of the power set, denoted n p(x) is found as
    np(x) = 2nx
    = 23=8

    Operations on Classical Sets


    Union: the union of two sets A and B is given as
    A U B = { x | x A or x B } i.e. x is present in A or B
    The union between the two sets, denoted A B,
    represents all those elements in the universe that reside
    in (or belong to) the set A, the set B, or both sets A and
    B.
    This operation is also called the logical OR

    Union of sets A and B (logical or) in terms of Venn diagrams

    Cont
    Intersection: the intersection of two sets A and B is
    given as
    A B = { x | x A and x B } i.e. x is present in A and B
    The intersection of the two sets, denoted A B,
    represents all those elements in the universe X that
    simultaneously reside in (or belong to) both sets A and
    B.
    This operation is also called the logical AND

    Intersection of sets A and B.

    Cont
    Complement: It is denoted by and is defined as
    = { x | x does not belongs A and x X } i.e. All
    elements except A
    The complement of a set A,is defined as the collection
    of all elements in the universe that do not reside in the
    set A.

    Complement of set A

    Operations on Classical Sets


    Difference: It is denoted by A | B and is defined as
    A | B = { x | x A and x B }
    The difference of a set A with respect to B, denoted A |
    B, is defined as the collection of all elements in the
    universe that reside in A and that do not reside in B
    simultaneously

    Difference operation A | B

    Properties of Classical (Crisp)


    Sets
    Commutativity

    AB=BA

    AB=BA
    Associativity

    A (B C) = (A B) C

    A (B C) = (A B) C
    Distributivity

    A (B C) = (A B) (A C)

    A (B C) = (A B) (A C) (2.7)
    Idempotency

    AA=A

    AA=A
    Identity

    A=A

    AX=A
    A=
    AX=X
    Transitivity If A B and B C, then A C

    Mapping of Classical Sets to


    Functions
    Mapping is an important concept in relating settheoretic forms to function-theoretic representations of
    information.
    In its most general form it can be used to map elements
    or subsets on one universe of discourse to elements or
    sets in another universe.
    If an element x is contained in X and corresponds to an
    element y contained in Y, it is generally termed a
    mapping from X to Y,

    Cont
    The characteristic (indicator) function A is defined by

    Membership function is a mapping for


    crisp set A.

    Cont
    Example : a universe with three elements, X = {a, b, c}, we desire to
    map the elements of the power set of X, i.e., P(X), to a universe, Y,
    consisting of only two elements (the characteristic function), Y = {0, 1}
    the elements of the power set?
    P(X) = {, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}, {a, c}, {a, b, c}}
    the elements in the value set V(P(X))?
    V{P(X)} = {{0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, {1, 1, 0}, {0, 1,
    1}, {1, 0, 1}, {1, 1, 1}}

    Cont
    The union of these two sets in terms of function-theoretic
    terms is given as follows (the symbol is the maximum):
    Union A B AB(x) = A(x) B(x) = max(A(x), B(x))
    The intersection of these two sets in function-theoretic terms
    is given by (the symbol is the minimum operator):
    Intersection A B AB(x) = A(x) B(x) = min(A(x), B(x))
    The complement of a single set on universe X, say A, is given by

    Fuzzy Sets
    Elements of a fuzzy set are mapped to a universe of
    membership values using a function-theoretic form.
    fuzzy sets are denoted by a set symbol with a tilde
    under strike; A would be the fuzzy set A.
    This function maps elements of a fuzzy set A to a real
    numbered value on the interval 0 to 1.
    If an element in the universe, say x, is a member of
    fuzzy set A, then this mapping is given by

    Fuzzy Sets

    The boundaries of the fuzzy sets are vague and ambiguous. Hence,
    membership of an element from the universe in this set is
    measured by a function that attempts to describe vagueness and
    ambiguity

    Fuzzy Sets
    Fuzzy set is defined as follows:
    If X is an universe of discourse and x is a particular
    element of X, then a fuzzy set A defined on X and can
    be written as a collection of ordered pairs
    A = {(x, (x)), x X }

    Cont
    Example
    Let X = {g1, g2, g3, g4, g5} be the reference set of
    students.
    Let be the fuzzy set of smart students, where
    smart is fuzzy term.
    = {(g1,0.4)(g2,0.5)(g3,1)(g4,0.9)(g5,0.8)}
    Here indicates that the smartness of g1 is 0.4 and so on

    Fuzzy set operations


    Three fuzzy sets A , B, and C on the universe X
    For a given element x of the universe, the following
    function-theoretic operations for the set-theoretic
    operations of union, intersection, and complement are
    defined for a A, B, and C on X.

    Standard fuzzy
    operations

    Fuzzy Set Operations

    Union of fuzzy sets A


    and B

    Intersection of fuzzy sets A


    and B

    Complement of fuzzy sets A


    and B
    Example

    Cont
    Membership Function
    The membership function fully defines the fuzzy set
    A membership function provides a measure of the degree of
    similarity of an element to a fuzzy set
    Membership functions can
    either be chosen by the user arbitrarily, based on the users
    experience (MF chosen by two users could be different
    depending upon their experiences, perspectives, etc.)
    Or be designed using machine learning methods (e.g.,
    artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, etc.)

    Example
    A = {(x1,0.5),(x2,0.7),(x3,0)} B = {(x1,0.8),(x2,0.2),(x3,1)}
    Union:
    A U B = {(x1,0.8),(x2,0.7),(x3,1)}
    Because
    A U B(x1) = max (A(x1), B(x1))
    = max(0.5,0.8)
    = 0.8
    A U B(x2) = 0.7 and A U B(x3) = 1

    Example
    A = {(x1,0.5),(x2,0.7),(x3,0)} B = {(x1,0.8),(x2,0.2),(x3,1)}
    Intersection:
    A B = {(x1,0.5),(x2,0.2),(x3,0)}
    Because
    A B(x1) = min (A(x1), B(x1))
    = min(0.5,0.8)
    = 0.5
    A B(x2) = 0.2 and A B(x3) = 0

    Example
    A = {(x1,0.5),(x2,0.7),(x3,0)}
    Complement:
    Ac = {(x1,0.5),(x2,0.3),(x3,1)}
    Because
    A (x1) =1- A(x1)
    = 1 0.5
    = 0.5
    A (x2) = 0.3 and A (x3) = 1

    Properties of Fuzzy Sets

    Question?

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