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DLD Lec1

This document provides an overview of the Digital Logic Design course. The objectives are to familiarize students with basic digital logic concepts used in digital circuit design. The primary textbook is Digital Design by M.M. Mano. The course covers chapters 1-6 and is graded based on quizzes, assignments, a midterm, and a final exam. Key topics covered in chapter 1 include binary systems, digital systems, binary numbers, number base conversion, binary codes, and binary logic.

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Sohaib Akram
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109 views19 pages

DLD Lec1

This document provides an overview of the Digital Logic Design course. The objectives are to familiarize students with basic digital logic concepts used in digital circuit design. The primary textbook is Digital Design by M.M. Mano. The course covers chapters 1-6 and is graded based on quizzes, assignments, a midterm, and a final exam. Key topics covered in chapter 1 include binary systems, digital systems, binary numbers, number base conversion, binary codes, and binary logic.

Uploaded by

Sohaib Akram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Logic Design (3+1)

Course Objectives
To familiarize the students with basic digital logic design concept used
for design of digital circuits.

Text Book
M. M. Mano, "Digital Design," 4th Ed.

Reference
M. M. Mano, Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals 2nd Ed.,
Prentice Hall Inc., 2000.
Norman Balabanian, Bradley carlson, Digital Logic Design Principles
John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2001.

Grade

Quizzes:
Assignment:
Mid Term:
Final Exam:

Course contents
Chapter 1-6

10%
10%
30%
50%

Chapter 1
Binary Systems
Digital Systems
Binary Numbers
Number Base Conversion
Octal and Hexadecimal Number
Complements
Signed Binary Numbers
Binary Codes
Binary Storage and Registers
Binary Logic

Binary Systems

Digital age
Digital computers
many scientific, industrial and commercial applications
space program

Digital systems

telephone switching exchanges


digital camera
electronic calculators, PDA's
digital TV

Discrete information-processing systems


Why binary?
reliability: a transistor circuit is either on or off (two stable states)

Digital Computer
The digital computer is one of the
most well known digital systems.
The digital computer consists of the
following components:
Memory unit
Central processing unit
Input and output units

The digital computer can perform both


arithmetic and logical operations.

A Digital Computer

Inputs: Keyboard, mouse,


modem, microphone

- stored program
- control unit
- arithmetic computations and logical operations

Outputs: CRT, LCD,


modem, speakers

Digital Systems
Digital Systems represent systems that
understand, represent and manipulate discrete
elements.
A discrete element is any set that has a finite number of elements, for example 10
decimal digits, 26 letters of the alphabet, etc.

Discrete elements are represented by signals, such


as electrical signals (voltages and currents)
The signals in most electronic digital systems use
two discrete values, termed binary.
Digital Systems takes a set of discrete information
inputs and discrete internal information (system
state) and generates a set of discrete information
outputs.

Digital Systems

Discrete
Inputs

Discrete
Information
Processing
System

System State

Discrete
Outputs

Signals
A collection of information variables mapped
to some physical quantity.
For digital systems, the quantities take on
discrete values. Two level, or binary values
are the most prevalent values in digital
systems.
The binary values are represented abstractly
by digits 0 and 1.
other physical signals represented by 1 and
0?

CPU
Voltage
Disk Magnetic Field Direction
CDSurface Pits/Light
Dynamic RAM Electrical Charge

Why Digital Components?


Why do we choose to use digital
components?
The main reason for using digital components is that
they can easily be programmed, allowing a single
hardware unit to be used for many different
purposes.
Advances in circuit technology decrease the price of
technology dramatically.
Digital integrated circuits can perform at speeds of
hundreds of millions of operations per second.
Error-checking and correction can be used to ensure
the reliability of the machine.

Binary Digits
A binary digit, called a
bit, is represented by
one of two values: 0 or
1.
Discrete elements can be represented
by groups of bits called binary codes.
For example the decimal digits 0 to 9
are represented as follows:

Decimal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Binary Code
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001

Differing Bases
In order to represent numbers of different
bases, we surround a number in parenthesis
and then place a subscript with the base of
the number.
A decimal number (9233)10
A binary number
(11011)2
A base 5 number (3024)5

Decimal number digits are 0 through 9


Binary number digits are 0 through 1
Base (radix) r number digits are 0 through r 1

Commonly Occurring Bases


Name

Radix

Digits (0 through r-1)

Binary

0,1

Octal

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

Decimal

10

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Hexadecimal

16

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

Decimal Numbers
A decimal number such as 5723
represents a quantity equal to:

5
7
2
3

thousands
hundreds
tens
ones

Or, it can be written as:


5 X 103 + 7 X102 + 2 * 101 + 3 * 100

The 5, 7, 2, and 3 represent coefficients.


The decimal number system is said to be
of base or radix 10 because it uses the 10
digits (0..9) and the coefficients are
multiplied by powers of 10.

Binary Numbers
The binary system contains only
two values in the allowed
coefficients (0 and 1).
The binary system uses powers
of 2 as the multipliers for the
coefficients.
For example, we can represent
the binary number 10111.01 as:
1 X 24 + 0 X 23 + 1 X 22 + 1 X 21 + 1 X 20 + 0 X 2-1 + 1
X 2-2 = 23.25

Understanding Binary Numbers

Binary numbers are made of binary


digits (bits):
0 and 1

How many items does an binary


number represent?
(1011)2 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 = (11)10

What about fractions?


(110.10)2 = 1x22 + 1x21 + 0x20 + 1x2-1 + 0x2-2

Groups of eight bits are called a byte


(11001001)

Groups of four bits are called a nibble.

(1101)

Understanding Binary Numbers (Contd..)

MSB
LSB
MSB most significant
bit
1011001010011100
0
LSB least significant15 bit
Bit numbering

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

27

22

26

25

24 23

Each digit (bit) is either 1 or 0


Each bit represents a power of 2

21

20

Why Use Binary Numbers?

Easy to represent 0 and 1


using electrical values.

Possible to tolerate noise.

Easy to transmit data

Easy to build binary circuits.

AND Gate
1
0

Powers of Two

Important powers of 2
210 is referred to as Kilo, called "K"
220 is referred to as Mega, called "M"
230 is referred to as Giga, called "G"

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