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Approaches and Methods in Education

The document discusses different teaching approaches based on teacher and student participation levels. Direct/expository approaches have the highest teacher direction and lowest student participation, while guided/exploratory approaches have the lowest teacher direction and highest student participation. Specifically, it describes direct instruction/expository methods which are teacher-directed and aim to teach basic skills through demonstration and practice. Inductive methods begin with specific examples and end with generalizations, while deductive methods begin with general rules and end with specific examples. Demonstration methods involve teachers demonstrating skills while students observe.

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Mark Alvin Jay Carpio
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516 views41 pages

Approaches and Methods in Education

The document discusses different teaching approaches based on teacher and student participation levels. Direct/expository approaches have the highest teacher direction and lowest student participation, while guided/exploratory approaches have the lowest teacher direction and highest student participation. Specifically, it describes direct instruction/expository methods which are teacher-directed and aim to teach basic skills through demonstration and practice. Inductive methods begin with specific examples and end with generalizations, while deductive methods begin with general rules and end with specific examples. Demonstration methods involve teachers demonstrating skills while students observe.

Uploaded by

Mark Alvin Jay Carpio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Approaches

and Methods
in Education
A thousand teachers,
a thousand methods.
-Chinese Proverb

Introduction
Different approaches differ in the level of
teacher and student participation. We start
describing these approaches from that approach
with the highest to the lowest level of teacher
direction or from the lowest to the highest level of
student participation. On the basis of student
and teacher involvement, these methods are
categorized as direct/expository approach or
guided/exploratory approach.

Basic Concepts
Approach

It is a set of principles, beliefs, or


ideas about the nature of learning
which is translated into the
classroom.
Method
It is a systematic way of doing
something. It implies an orderly
logical arrangement of steps. It is
more procedural.

Two Types of Teaching Approaches


Directive

Direct
Approach

Expository Method

Deductive
Inductive
Demonstrative

Exploratory

Indirect/
Guided
Approach

Exploratory Method

Inquiry
Problem Solving

When to use :
Direct Instruction/

Direct/Expository
Instruction Approach
Direct instruction is a way of teaching which is
aimed at helping students acquire some basic
skills and procedural knowledge.
It is straight forward and is done in a step-bystep manner. The emphasis is on how to
execute the steps of the entire procedure.
This may involve a simple or a complex skill
such as solving a problem by using
mathematical equations.

It includes presentation and recitation, as


well as teacher-student interactions.
Attention is focused on every detail of the
procedure.
Content mastery and over learning of
fundamental facts.
Teachers need to arouse of heighten the
interest of the students.

Performance-based subjects such as Science,


Mathematics, Music and Physical Education are
taught by this technique.

Strategies use in Direct Instruction:


1. Lecture and Student Recitation
2. Deduction
3. Expository/didactic method
4. Demonstration method

To employ this methodology, follow these


steps:

-Provide the rationale

-Demonstrate the skill


-Provide guided practice
-Check for understanding and provide
feedback
-Provide extended practice and transfer

Characteristic of a Direct Instruction:


Teacher-directed and teacher dominated
Teaching of skill. The students gain how rather
than what (procedural knowledge). Each step
must be mastered
Step by step procedure with no step missed
Lesson objectives easily observed behaviours
that can be measured accurately. The level of
performance can be assess from the number of
steps performed correctly
Form of learning through imitation ( behavioral
modeling)

Examples:
Sample Lessons with Step-By-Step Tasks
Executing steps of a folkdance
Steps in preparing a meal
Writing a letter
Solving Math problems

Deductive Method
Teacher-dominated approach
It begins with the abstract rule, generalization,

principle and ends with specific examples and


concrete details
Cover a wider scope of subject matter
Learning is passive process, the learners do not
take part in the generation of conclusion or
generalization
Drill or exercises come after the explanation of the
rule or principle

Example: Geography
The teacher begins her lesson with a
generalization that geographical location
influences peoples way of life.
She will present a map of the Philippines. Then
study the map with them.
Those who live in wide plains like Central Plain
of Luzon, Cagayan Valley have rice as main
product and farming as main occupation.
Those who live near the sea are fishermen.
Their main product is fish.

Example: Science
Teacher define: All animals with backbone are

classified as vertebrates.
Teacher give examples: dog is vertebrate

because it possesses backbone. Fish, frog and


cow are vertebrates, they possess backbone

Example: Math
Teacher Explain the rule first: To add similar

fractions just add the numerators then copy the


denominator.
Then teacher begin will gives examples.
After which she will give written exercises for her
pupils.

Advantages of Deductive Method:


Wider scope of subject matter because the

instruction is direct by stating at once the rule or


the principle at the beginning of the class.
Teacher do not have to worry on what questions

to ask for learners to generalization or


conclusion.

Disadvantages of Deductive Method


Passive learning. Less involvement on part of the

learners
The learners do not take part in the generation of
conclusion or generalization.
Learners involvement will be drill or exercises that
come after the explanation of the rule or principle
Lesson appears uninteresting at first. Teacher
begin the lesson with the abstract with what the
learners do not know

Inductive Method
It begins with specific details, concrete data and

examples and ends with an abstract


Learners are more engaged in the teaching-learning
process
Learning becomes more interesting at the outset
because we begin with the experiences of our students.
Begin with what they know.
It helps the development of our learners higher order
thinking skills. To see patterns and analyze the same in
order to arrive at generalizations requires analytical
thinking.

Inductive Method
It requires more time and so less subject matter

will be covered
Need much time to lead students to formulate
generalizations
Teachers got to ask the right questions, organize
answers and comments to pave the way to the
derivation of generalizations or principles

Advantages of Inductive Methods


The learners are more engaged in teaching-

learning process. The learners formulate the


generalization or rule.
Learning becomes more interesting at the outset
because teachers begin with the experiences of
the students. Teachers begin with what they
know.
It helps the development of the learners higher
order thinking skills. To see patterns and analyze
the same in order to arrive at generalizations
requires analytical thinking.

Disadvantages of Inductive Method


It requires more time and so less subject matter

will be covered. Teacher needs much time to


lead students to the formulation of
generalizations.
It demands expert facilitating skills on part of the
teacher. Teacher got to ask the right questions,
organize answers and comments to pave the
way to the derivation of
generalizations/principles.

Deductive Method

Inductive Method

1. It does not give any new


knowledge.

1. It gives new knowledge

2. It is a method of verification.

2. It is a method of discovery.

3. It is the method of instruction. 3. It is a method of teaching.


4. Child gets ready made
information and makes use of it.

4.Child acquires first hand


knowledge and information by
actual observation.

5. It is quick process.

5. It is a slow process.

6. It encourages dependence on
other sources.

6. It trains the mind and gives


self confidence and initiative.

7. There is less scope of activity


in it.

7. It is full of activity.

8. It is a downward process of
thought and leads to useful

8. It is an upward process of
thought and leads to principles.

Lets Review our Understanding:


Between the deductive and the induction method,
- which method is more teacher-directed?
- which one engages more the learners in
conceptual understanding?
- which demands more teachers skillful
questioning?

Lets Review our Understanding:


Between the deductive and the induction method,
- which tend to depth retention of learning?
- which learning method is more predictable?
- which engage to learn faster for large number
of facts and concrete concepts?

Demonstration Method
Demonstration is a learning activity which is

performed by a student, a group of 3 to 4


members or a teacher while the rest become
observers.
Teacher-dominated
Teachers show how to operate, manipulate an
equipment while the class observes

Demonstration Method
Teacher should be knowledgeable in preparing the

apparatus needed according to the steps to be


followed.
The rest of the class becomes focused on the
activity and concentration on the subject is
assured.

Advantages of Demonstration Method


It follows a systematic procedure, students will

be able to learn from a well-tried procedure


since the demonstrators are selected and
adjudged to be skilled
The use of expensive equipment and
machines will be maximized
Possible wastage of time, effort and resources
will be avoided since the demonstration is
supposed to be well-planned in advance

Advantages of Demonstration Method

It will not result to trial-and-error learning as

what happens with unplanned learning activities


Findings are reliable and accurate since the
procedures has been tried before
The value of confidence is developed among
the demonstrators for such hands-on
demonstrators for such hands-on demonstration
Curiosity and keen observing ability are instilled
among the observers

Lets Review:
1. Modeling
a. is a direct teaching activity.
b. is seldom used by effective teachers.
c. allows students to imitate from demonstration
or infer from observation the behavior to be
learned.
d. both a and c.

2. Direct Instruction is more appropriate when


a. cooperative learning is not an option.
b. the teacher needs to arouse or heighten
student interest.
c. attempting to achieve content mastery and
overlearning of fundamental facts.
d. both b and c.

3. This method of teaching presents a general


concept by first defining it and then
providing examples or illustrations that
demonstrate the idea until it achieve the
concept mastery.
a. Inductive
b. Deductive
c. Directive
d. Demonstrative

4. Mr. Cruz is very careful in his classroom about


using his class time efficiently and having active
student practice. To do this, Mr. Cruz uses an
instructional sequence of review, presenting
new content, practice, feedback, and
reteaching. He is attempting to achieve the
goals of
a. mastery learning
b. indirect instruction
c. lecturing
d. cooperative learning

5. Among the methods/approaches


discussed, which teaching method/s is use
in Guided/Exploratory Approach?
a. Direct Instruction
b. Deductive Method
c. Inductive Method
d. both b & c

INDIRECT/GUIDED /
EXPLORATORY
APPROACH
Indirect instruction method is best
used when the learning process is
inquiry-based, the result is discovery and
the learning context is a problem. This
can come as
1) Inquiry method/discovery method
2) Problem solving method

1) INQUIRY METHOD
We will not help children learn if we
tell them everything they need to know.
Rather, we must provide them the
opportunities to explore, inquire and
discover new learning. The core of
inquiry is a spontaneous and a selfdirected exploration.

OUTCOMES OF INQUIRY
TEACHING
1. Its emphasis is on the processes of

gathering and processing of information


2. Its dependence on firsthand experience
with objects and phenomena occurring
in the environment is certainly in
agreement with the most often cited
theory of Piaget on intellectual
development.
3. The inquiry approach which
predominantly allows some degree of
freedom develops initiative and
divergent thinking.

4. A deep sense of responsibility is developed

when learners are left to manage their own


learning, be it in pursuit of answers, mastery of
content or simply solving a problem that
confronts them instantly.
5. Educators strongly believes that facts and
concepts that learners discover by themselves
become stored as part of their permanent
learning.
6. Experiencing success in inquirybased/discovery lessons builds up the learners
feeling of confidence.
7. Participation in inquiry activities strengthens
learners intellectual capabilities.

2) PROBLEM SOLVING METHOD

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Problem solving is a teaching strategy


that employs the scientific method in
searching for information. The five basic
steps of scientific method or
investigatory process are:
Sensing and defining the problem
Formulating hypothesis
Testing the likely hypothesis
Analysis, interpretation and evaluation of
evidence
Formulating conclusion

ADVANTAGES
1. This method is most effective in

developing skill in employing the science


processes.
2. The scientific method can likewise be used
effectively in other non-science objects.
3. The students active involvement
resulting in meaningful experiences
serves as a strong motivation to follow
the scientific procedure in future
undertakings.
4. Problem solving develops higher level
thinking skills.

5. A keen sense of responsibility, originality

and resourcefulness are developed, which


are much needed ingredients for
independent study.
6. The students become appreciative and
grateful for the achievement of scientists.
7. Critical thinking, open-mindedness and
wise judgment are among scientific
attitudes and values inculcated through
competence in the scientific method.
8. The student learn to accept the opinions
and evidence shared by others.

Thank you!

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