Module 1

Infinite
Infinite Sequences
Sequences
(Chapter
(Chapter 10)
10)

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4. Sequence

Learning
Learning Outcome
Outcome
At the end of the module, students able to
identify the formula or rule for a given
infinite sequence.
identify whether a given infinite sequence
converges or diverges.
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4. Sequence

Infinite
Infinite Sequence
Sequence
A infinite sequence or simply sequence ,is an
unending succession of numbers, called terms in
some definite order or pattern,

a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an ,...
1 term
st

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3rd term

nth term

4. Sequence

Example
Example 11
(i)
(ii)
(iii )
(iv)
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1,2,3,4,...
3,6,9,12,...
2,2,2,2,...
1 1 1
1, , , ,...
2 3 4
4. Sequence

Infinite
Infinite Sequence
Sequence
A formula or rule can be used to generate
the terms of an infinite sequence:

Note: n represent natural numbers 1, 2, 3,

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4. Sequence

Sequence
Sequence notation
notation
In general, terms of an infinite sequence
a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an ,...

can be written as formula or rule within

a bracket.

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4. Sequence

Example
Example 22
(i)

(ii)

2,2,2,2,...,2(1) n 1 ,... 2,2,2,2,...,2(1) n 1 ,... {2(1) n 1}1

1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1, , ,..., ,... 1, , ,..., ,... { }1
2 3
n
n
n
2 3

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4. Sequence

Graph
Graph of
of Sequence
Sequence
Below is graphical view of a sequence versus
continuous curve:

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4. Sequence

Graph
Graph of
of Sequence
Sequence
Below is graphical view of a sequence:

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4. Sequence

Exercises
Exercises
Exercise 10.1, Page 637- 638
1,2,3,4

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4. Sequence

10

Convergence/Divergence
Convergence/Divergence
of
of an
an infinite
infinite sequence
sequence

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4. Sequence

11

Divergence
Divergence of
of an
an infinite
infinite
sequence
sequence
1,2,3,4,..., n,... {n}1

(i)
f(n)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

The terms in the sequence

{n}1 , increase without
bound.
The sequence diverges
1

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6 7

9 10 11

4. Sequence

n
12

Divergence
Divergence of
of an
an infinite
infinite
sequence
sequence

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4. Sequence

13

Convergence
Convergence of
of an
an infinite
infinite
sequence
sequence
(iv)

1,

1 1 1
1
1
, , ,..., ,... { }1
2 3 4
n
n

f(n)
4
3

decrease toward a limiting

value of 0.

The sequence converges to 0.

1
1

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1
n

The terms in the sequence { }1

6 7

9 10 11

4. Sequence

n
14

Convergence
Convergence of
of an
an infinite
infinite
sequence
sequence (Illustration)
(Illustration)

(a)

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(b)

4. Sequence

15

Convergence/Divergence
Convergence/Divergence
of
of an
an infinite
infinite sequence
sequence
A sequence
if

{an } is

said to converge to the limit, L

lim an L
n

otherwise the sequence is said to diverge.

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4. Sequence

16

Example
Example
Determine whether the sequence converges or
diverges. If it converges, find the limit.

2n 1

(i)

n 1

( 1) n
(ii) {
}1
n

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4. Sequence

17

Example
Example -- solution
solution
n
n
1 1
(i) lim
lim
lim
n 2n 1
n 2n
n 2
2

Therefore, the sequence converges and it

1
converges to
.
2
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4. Sequence

18

Example
Example 11 -- solution
solution
( 1) n
(ii) lim (
)
n
n

since
1
lim 0
n n

Therefore, the sequence

( 1) n
{
}1
n

converges to 0.
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4. Sequence

19

Theorem
Theorem
an 0 ,then lim an 0.
If lim
n
n
(iii)

( 1) n
1
lim
lim 0
n
n n
n

( 1) n
lim (
)0
n
n

Therefore, the sequence

converges to 0.
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( 1) n
{
}1
n

4. Sequence

20

Example
Example 22
Determine whether the sequence converges or
diverges. If it converges, find the limit.

n
(i) an
1 2 n
(iii) bn n cos n
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(1) n
(ii) bn 4
n 2n 2 1
n

(3)
(iv) bn
n!
4. Sequence

21

Example
Example 22 -solution
-solution
n
(i) an
1 2 n
n
n
1
lim
lim

n 1 2 n
n 2 n
2

n
Therefore, the sequence an
1 2 n
1
converges to
.
2

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4. Sequence

22

Example
Example 22 -solution
-solution
(1) n n 3
(ii) bn 4
2
n 2n 1
( 1) n n 3
n3
lim 4
lim 4
n n 2n 2 1
n n 2n 2 1
n3
1
lim 4 lim 0
n n
n n

(1) n n 3
Therefore, the sequence bn 4
2
n 2n 1
converges to 0.
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4. Sequence

23

Example
Example 22 -solution
-solution
(iii) bn n cos n
lim n cos n lim n
n

Therefore, the sequence

diverges.
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bn n cos n

4. Sequence

24

Example
Example 22 -solution
-solution
(3)
(iv) bn
n!

(3) n
3n
3n
lim
lim
lim
n
n

n!
n! n n(n 1)(n 2)....
n

3
3 n
3
lim n lim ( ) lim ( ) 0
n n
n n
n n

(3) n
Therefore, the sequence bn
n!
converges to 0.
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4. Sequence

25

Theorem
Theorem
If {an }and {bn } are convergent sequences and c
is a constant, then
(i)

lim (an bn ) lim an lim bn

(ii)

lim (an bn ) lim an lim bn

(iii)

lim can c lim an

(iv)

lim anbn lim an . lim bn

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4. Sequence

26

Theorem
Theorem
If {an } and {bn } are convergent sequences and c
is a constant, then
( v)

an
an lim
lim n
n b
lim bn
n
n

( vi)

lim c c
n

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4. Sequence

27

The
The Sandwich
SandwichTheorem
Theorem
If an bn cn and lim an lim cn L,
n

then lim bn L.
n

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4. Sequence

28

Example
Determine whether the sequence
(cos n) n
an
ln(n 1)

converges or diverges?

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4. Sequence

29

Example - solution
(cos n) n
an
ln(n 1)
1 cos n 1
1 (cos n) 1
n

1
(cos n) n
1

ln(n 1) ln(n 1) ln(n 1)

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4. Sequence

30

Example - solution
1
(cos n) n
1
lim(
) lim(
) lim (
)
n ln(n 1)
n ln(n 1)
n ln(n 1)
(cos n) n
0 lim(
)0
n ln(n 1)
By the Sandwich Theorem:

(cos n) n
lim (
)0
n ln(n 1)
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4. Sequence

31

Example - solution
The sequence

(cos n) n
an
ln(n 1)

converges to 0.

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4. Sequence

32

Theorem
Theorem
n
The sequence r

1 r 1

is convergent if

and divergent for all other

values of r.

0, if
lim r
n
1
n

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1 r 1
r 1

4. Sequence

33

Example
Determine whether the sequence

2n
an n 1
3
converges or diverges.

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4. Sequence

34

Example - solution
2n
an n 1
3
2n
2n
1
2 n
lim( n 1 ) lim ( n ) lim( )
n 3
n 3.3
3 n 3
Since r = 2/3 < 1,

1
2 n 1
lim( ) .0 0
3 n 3
3
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4. Sequence

35

Example - solution
2n
The sequence an n 1
3
converges to 0.

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4. Sequence

36

Exercises
Exercises
Exercise 10.1, Page 637-638
5-30 ( odd numbers only)

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4. Sequence

37

What is increasing sequence?

A sequence {an} is called increasing if
an < an+1 for all

n 1.

Example:

1,2,3,4,5,..., n,...

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4. Sequence

38

What is decreasing sequence?

A sequence {an} is called decreasing if
an > an+1 for all n 1.
Example
1 1
1
1, , ,..., ,...
2 4
n

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4. Sequence

39

What is monotonic sequence?

A sequence that is either increasing
or decreasing is called monotonic.

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4. Sequence

40

What is bounded above sequence?

A sequence {an} is said to be bounded above
if there is a number M such that
an M

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for all

n 1.

4. Sequence

41

What is bounded below sequence?

A sequence {an} is said to be bounded below
if there is a number m such that
m an

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for all

n 1.

4. Sequence

42

What is bounded sequence?

A sequence {an} is said to be a bounded sequence
if it is bounded above and below.

m an M

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4. Sequence

43

Example
Example 44
Determine whether the given sequence is
increasing,decreasing or non monotonic?
(i)
(ii)

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,n Z, n 1
n 5
n
bn 2
n 1

4. Sequence

44

Example
Example 4(i)
4(i) -- solution
solution
If the n term is
th

3
n5

then the (n+1)th term is

3
3

n 5 (n 1) 5

3
(n 1) 5

for all n1, Why?

Therefore, the sequence is decreasing.

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4. Sequence

45

Example
Example 4(ii)
4(ii) -- solution
solution
n
bn 2
n 1

b n 1

n 1

(n 1) 2 1

n 1
(n 1) 2 1

n
n2 1

n((n 1) 2 1)

(n 1)(n 2 1)

n 3 2n 2 2 n

n3 n 2 n 1

n2 n

for all n 1

Therefore, {bn} is a decreasing series.

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4. Sequence

46

Monotonic
Monotonic Sequence
SequenceTheorem
Theorem
Every bounded, monotonic sequence is
convergent.
or
Increasing

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Decreasing

4. Sequence

47

Exercises
Exercises
Exercise 10.2, Page 645
1-23 (Odd number only)

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4. Sequence

48

END OF THE MODULE 1

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4. Sequence

49