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Numerical Methods m3

The document discusses numerical methods for finding roots of polynomials. It describes: 1) What roots of a polynomial are, which are values that make a polynomial equal to zero. Roots can be real, complex, positive, negative, or zero. 2) Properties of polynomial roots, such as an nth order polynomial having n roots, and odd-degree polynomials having at least one real root. 3) Müller's method, which obtains a root estimate by fitting a parabola through three points and projecting it to the x-axis. The method derives coefficients to write the parabola equation and finds the next root estimate. 4) An example using Müller's method iterates finding

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MohammedShahjahan
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71 views13 pages

Numerical Methods m3

The document discusses numerical methods for finding roots of polynomials. It describes: 1) What roots of a polynomial are, which are values that make a polynomial equal to zero. Roots can be real, complex, positive, negative, or zero. 2) Properties of polynomial roots, such as an nth order polynomial having n roots, and odd-degree polynomials having at least one real root. 3) Müller's method, which obtains a root estimate by fitting a parabola through three points and projecting it to the x-axis. The method derives coefficients to write the parabola equation and finds the next root estimate. 4) An example using Müller's method iterates finding

Uploaded by

MohammedShahjahan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Numerical Methods

Roots of a polynomial
By
Mohammed Shajahan

What is roots of a polynomial?


A root of a polynomial P(x)
is defined as the value of x for
which the polynomial equals to
zero.
Roots of polynomials can be
either positive or negative or zero.
Roots can also be real numbers
or complex (imaginary) numbers.

Roots of a polynomial
The roots of polynomials such as

f n ( x) ao a1 x a2 x 2 an x n
Follow these rules:
For an nth order equation, there are n real
or complex roots.
If n is odd, there is at least one real root.
If complex root exist in conjugate pairs
(that is, x+iy & x-iy).

Mller Method

Mllers method obtains a root estimate by


projecting a parabola to the x axis through three
function values.

Muller Method
The method consists of deriving
the coefficients of parabola that
goes through the three points:
1. Write the equation in a
convenient form:

f ( x ) a ( x x2 ) b ( x x 2 ) c
2

2. The parabola should intersect the three points [xo,


f(xo)], [x1, f(x1)], [x2, f(x2)]. The coefficients of the
polynomial can be estimated by substituting three
points to give

f ( xo ) a ( xo x2 ) 2 b( xo x2 ) c
f ( x1 ) a ( x1 x2 ) 2 b( x1 x2 ) c
f ( x2 ) a ( x2 x 2 ) 2 b ( x 2 x2 ) c
3. Three equations can be solved for three unknowns,
a, b, c. Since two of the terms in the 3rd equation
are
f ( xzero,
) fit( xcan
) be
a(immediately
x x ) 2 b(solved
x x for
) c=f(x2).
o

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) a ( x1 x2 ) 2 b( x1 x2 )
6

If

h o x1 - x o

h1 x 2 - x1

f ( x1 ) f ( xo )
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
o
1
x1 xo
x2 x1
(ho h1 )b (ho h1 ) 2 a ho o h11
h1b h12 a h11

1 o
a
h1 ho

b ah1 1 c f ( x2 )

Solved for
a and b

Roots can be found by applying an alternative form of


quadratic formula:

x3 x2

2c
b b 4ac
2

The error can be calculated as

x3 x2
a
100%
x3
term yields two roots, the sign is chosen to agree with b. This
will result in a largest denominator, and will give root estimate
that is closest to x2.
8

Once x3 is determined, the process is


repeated using the following guidelines:
1. If only real roots are being located, choose
the two original points that are nearest the
new root estimate, x3.
2. If both real and complex roots are
estimated, employ a sequential approach
just like in secant method, x1, x2, and x3 to
replace xo, x1, and x2.

Example
Use Mullers method to find roots of
f(x)= x3 - 13x - 12
Let Initial guesses of x0, x1, and x2 of 4.5, 5.5 and 5.0
respectively.

Solution
- f(xo)= f(4.5)=20.626,
- f(x1)= f(5.5)=82.875 and,
- f(x2)= f(5)= 48.0
- ho= 5.5-4.5 = 1, h1 = 5-5.5 = -0.5
o= (82.875-20.625) /(5.5-4.5) = 62.25
1= (48-82.875)/ (5-5.5) = 69.75

- a = (69.75 - 62.25)/(-0.5+1) = 15
- b =15(-0.5)+ 69.75 = 62.25
- c = 48
(b2-4ac)0.5 = 31.54461
Choose sign similar to the sign of b (+ve)
x3 = 5 + (-2)(48)/(62.25+31.54461) = 3.976487

The error estimate is


t=|(-1.023513)/(3.976487)|*100 = 25.7%

The second iteration will have x0=5.5 x1=5


and x2=3.976487

Iteration
0
1
2
3
4

xr

Error %

5
3.976487
25.7
4.001
0.614
4.000
0.026
4.000
0.000012

Therefore correct answer is 4

THANK
YOU

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