Analysis of Pulverizers
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Multi Task Machines to meet the rate of rapid coal combustion
Coal pulverizers
Coal pulverizers are essentially volumetric devices .
As the density of coal is fairly constant, are rated in mass units of
tonnes/hr.
A pulverizer accepts a volume of material to be pulverized which is
dependent on the physical dimensions of the mill and the ability of
coal to pass through the coal pulverizing system.
The common measure of mass in tonnes enables matching of energy
requirements with available coal properties and mill capacity.
Increased combustible loss can occur if the furnace volume or mill
capacity is less than desirable for a particular coal.
The furnace volume and mill capacity in a specific power station may
dictate the need to purchase coals which are reactive and which can be
ground easily.
Size reduction is energy intensive and generally very inefficient with
regard to energy consumption.
In many processes the actual energy used in breakage of particles is
less than 5% of the overall energy consumption.
Mills
There are basically four different types of pulverizing mills which are
designed to reduce coal with a top particle size of about 50 mm to the
necessary particle size range.
Ball&Tube Mill, Ball &Race Mill, Bowl Mill & Impact Mill
Each type has a different grinding mechanism and different operating
characteristics.
There are four unit operations going concurrently within the mill body,
coal drying, transport, classification and grinding.
For coal pulverizers the capacity of a mill is normally specified as tonnes
output when grinding coal with a HGI of 50, with a particle size of 70%
less than 75 micron and 1 or 2 % greater than 300 micron and with a
moisture in coal of less than 10%.
A few manufacturers specify 55 instead of 50 with respect to HGI..
This standardization enables selection of an appropriate mill for a specific
duty.
Coal Mills
Typical Layout of Pulverizer Circuit
Schematic of typical coal pulverized system
A Inlet Duct;
B Bowl Orifice;
C Grinding Mill;
D Transfer Duct to Exhauster;
E Fan Exit Duct.
Aerodynamic Lifting of Coal Particles
Pressurized and exhauster-fan grinding mill circuits
Carrying of Particles by Fluid Drag
Pneumatic Carrying of Particles
The major goal of pneumatic conveying of solids is to maximize the
carrying capacity of the installation and carry flows with high-solids
concentration ("dense-phase flow").
In pulverized coal combustion the ratio of coal to carrying gas is
determined by systems and combustion considerations and is usually in
the range of y = 0.5-0.6 kg/kg ("dilute phase transport").
Assuming a coal density c = 1.5 x 103 kg/m 3, and the density of the
carrying gas as g = 0.9 kg/m 3, the volume fraction of the coal can be
shown to be very small, 0.036 % .
The interparticle effects can therefore be neglected for steady state
operation.
An important aerodynamic characteristic of the particles is their terminal
velocity (the free-fall velocity in stagnant air) which for a spherical
particle of d = 0.1 mm has an approximate value of 0.3m/sec.
Experience shows that due to non-uniformities of flow behind bends,
and to avoid settling of solids in horizontal sections of the transport line,
a gas velocity of ~ V = 20 m/sec has to be chosen.
Mill Pressure Drop : A Measure of Gas Velocities
The pressure loss coefficients for the pulverized-coal system elements are
not well established.
The load performance is very sensitive to small variations in pressure loss
coefficient.
Particle Size Distribution--Pulverized-Coal Classifiers
The pulverized-coal classifier has the task of making a clean cut in the
pulverized-coal size distribution:
returning the oversize particles to the mill for further grinding
but allowing the "ready to burn" pulverized coal to be transported to the
burner.
The mill's performance, its safety and also the efficiency of combustion
depend on a sufficiently selective operation of the mill classifier.
Classifiers
The classification of solid particles according to their size in the spiral house of a
cyclone is illustrated by Figure.
The particles can migrate toward the outer wall or the exit tube;
From the force balance on a particle and knowing the path of the
gas in the cyclone, the radius rl can be determined, which will be
the limiting radius for the radial penetration of a particle of
diameter, .
Force Balance on Particles
At values of r > rl, the centrifugal force, which is inversely
proportional to the third power of the radius, grows faster than
the radial component of the gas velocity, which is inversely
proportional to the radius.
The limiting radius can be given as :
with
where is the particle size,
p is particle density,
Vt,0 is tangential inlet velocity to the cyclone,
r0 is the cyclone radius,
and the dynamic viscosity of the gas.
Assuming that the cyclone precipitates only particles of sizes larger
than those whose limiting radius coincides with the cyclone
diameter (rt = ro), the limiting (smallest) particle size precipitated
can be given as
The total pressure loss coefficient of a cyclone, i.e. the number of lost
velocity heads calculated on the basis of the inlet gas velocity to the
cyclone is between 10 and 18:
Efficiency A Classifier
Mass of Coal Particles in the specified Size Range
Total mass of the coal leaving the classifier
Transport between Mill and the Burner
For a straight pipe of diameter D the pressure drop per
unit length of pipe is given by
p V primaryair
x
D
2
Where, * is a coefficient, analogous to coefficient of friction.
* air pf pg sin
Where air is the coefficient of wall friction for air; ;
pf, is the coefficient of friction for the particle in the pipe; and
pgis a coefficient corresponding to the weight of the particle.
The friction coefficient for air, lair, can be calculated after Prandtl
from
1
2 log Re air 0.8
air
The wall friction coefficient of the particles, pf, is a function of the
Froude number of the flow, calculated with the gas velocity, as
Fr
pg
v
gD
2
2
Fr
Settlement of Coal Particles in a Pipe
Cook and Hurworth suggest that the source of deposits in long
horizontal pulverized-coal pipelines is the phenomenon of "roping".
Roping is the segregation of pulverized coal and air with the coal
forming a band traveling along the bottom of the horizontal pipe.
This band of fuel is then slowing down due to wall friction.
It was found that as the air to coal ratio increased, the tendency for
deposition decreased and at values of air/coal > 3.5 and at conveying
velocities of 22-31m/sec, they could run their test rig free of
deposition.
Unfortunately air/fuel ratios required for grinding mill operation, and
for purposes of the primary mixture injected through the burner, have
much higher coal concentrations so that the use of these lean
concentrations is not practicable.
Splitting of Dust-Laden Gas Flows
Division of pulverized-coal mixture: (a) by alternate layers; (b)
after turbulence-promoting screen.
Pulverizer Sizing
The suggestednumber of pulverizers is as follows.
Unit Size (MW)
Initial Number of Pulverizers
<250
250-450
450
In Operation at MCR with Typical Coal
Spares with Typical Coal
In Operation with Worst Case Coal
