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    BY Arif Mohiddin Mds 1 Year Dept of Oral Pathology

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    Arif Mohiddin
    This document provides an overview of the cell, including its history, components, and functions. It describes how cells were first observed by Hooke and Leeuwenhoek in the 1600s. The document outlines the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It details the major structures of the cell and their functions, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. The process of protein synthesis involving transcription, translocation, and translation is summarized. A thorough understanding of cells and their structures is important for comprehending disease pathogenesis.

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    BY Arif Mohiddin Mds 1 Year Dept of Oral Pathology

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    Arif Mohiddin
    59 views40 pages
    This document provides an overview of the cell, including its history, components, and functions. It describes how cells were first observed by Hooke and Leeuwenhoek in the 1600s. The document outlines the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It details the major structures of the cell and their functions, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. The process of protein synthesis involving transcription, translocation, and translation is summarized. A thorough understanding of cells and their structures is important for comprehending disease pathogenesis.

    Original Description:

    cell structure and its function indetail.

    Original Title

    Cell

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    This document provides an overview of the cell, including its history, components, and functions. It describes how cells were first observed by Hooke and Leeuwenhoek in the 1600s. The document outlines the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It details the major structures of the cell and their functions, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. The process of protein synthesis involving transcription, translocation, and translation is summarized. A thorough understanding of cells and their structures is important for comprehending disease pathogenesis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    59 views40 pages

    BY Arif Mohiddin Mds 1 Year Dept of Oral Pathology

    Uploaded by

    Arif Mohiddin
    This document provides an overview of the cell, including its history, components, and functions. It describes how cells were first observed by Hooke and Leeuwenhoek in the 1600s. The document outlines the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It details the major structures of the cell and their functions, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. The process of protein synthesis involving transcription, translocation, and translation is summarized. A thorough understanding of cells and their structures is important for comprehending disease pathogenesis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 40

    cell

    BY
    ARIF MOHIDDIN
    MDS 1ST YEAR
    DEPT OF ORAL PATHOLOGY

    CONTENTS

    Introduction

    History

    Cell components

    Conclusion

    References

    INTRODUCTION

    HISTORY

    Cell theory

    - 1839 by Schleiden & Schwann

    states that all organisms are composed of similar units of


    organization, called cells.
    Robert Hooke

    In the year 1665


    - Examine thin slices of cork
    -

    looks like small boxes


    HOOKE called them - cells

    Anton von leeuwenhoek-

    first to view organisms in living things

    Cell

    Prokaryotes

    Eukaryotes

    Prokaryotes :
    - cells that lack a nucleus or membrane
    bound organelles .
    - Eg : Bacteria
    - simplest type of cell
    - single circular chromosome

    Eukaryotes :
    -cell that have a nucleus and membrane
    bond organelles
    -Eg: plants and animals

    CELL COMPONENTS
    Cell
    Cell membrane

    Protoplasm

    Cytoplasm

    Cell organelles

    Nucleus

    Cytosol

    Cell membrane

    PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE

    It is composed of two layers of phospholipids and embedded with protiens

    It is thin and Semi-permeable

    It is Amphipathic

    Functions

    It separetes the contents of cell from its outside


    Environement
    It supports the cell and helps in maintaining the shape of
    cell
    It is semi- permeable
    Protiens present in the membrane acts as Pumps ,
    channels, Receptors , Enzymes .

    ARRANGEMENT OF MEMBRANE PROTIENS


    - INTEGRAL PROTIENS
    - PERIPHERAL PROTIENS
    INTEGRAL PROTIENS :
    - External into / through the lipid bilayer
    among fatty acid tails and are firmly
    embedded in it.
    - most are Transmembrane protiens .
    Protrude into both cytosol and Extracellular
    fluid .
    - AMPHIPATHIC .

    PERIPHERAL PROTIENS :

    They are attached to polar heads of membrane lipids

    The carbohydrate portion of glycolipid , glycoproteins form


    an extensive surface coat called GLYCOCALYX .

    - The pattern of carbohydrate in glycocalyx varies from cell to


    cell .

    Glycocalyx enables cells adhere to one another In some


    tissues.and protects cells from being digested by enzymes in
    ECF .

    FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTIENS :


    - INTEGRAL PROTIENS :
    - Ion channels
    - Carriers
    - Receptors
    - PERIPHERAL PROTIENS :
    - Enzymes
    - Linkers

    - MEMBRANE FLUIDITY:

    -It depends on number of doublebonds in the


    fattyacid tails of lipids that make up the
    bilayer and amount of cholestrol present
    - Each double bond puts a KINK in fatty acid
    tail , which increases membrane fluidity by
    preventing lipid molecules from packing
    tightly in membrane .
    - fluidity allows lipid bilayer to self seal if
    punctured

    - MEMBRANE PERMIABILITY :
    - Selective permeable
    - permeable to non polar , uncharged
    molecules such as oxygen , carbondioxide
    etc.
    - Impermeable to ions and large uncharged
    polar molecules such as glucose .

    TRANSPORT ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE :


    - PASSIVE PROCESS :
    - Simple diffusion
    - facilitated diffusion
    - osmosis
    - ACTIVE PROCESS :
    - Endocytosis
    - Exocytosis
    - Transcytosis

    NUCLEUS

    Control centre of the cell

    Spherical in shape

    STRUCTURE
    -Nuclear Membrane
    -Nuclear pores
    -Nuclear lamina
    -Chromosomes
    -Nucleolus

    FUNCTIONS OF THE NUCLEUS

    Storage of Hereditary material

    Storage of protiens and DNA

    Production of Ribosomes

    Transport of Hereditary material to rest of cell

    PROTIEN SYNTHESIS :

    First step is transcription of


    mRNA from DNA in nucleous

    - Starts at nucleus by formation


    of mRNA through a process
    called Transcription .

    TRANSCRIPTION

    -In the nucleus, enzymes make a RNA copy


    using
    a portion of DNA. The RNA is then transformed
    into a messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA
    leaves the nucleus through the pores and gets
    into the cytoplasm.
    - Here, the mRNA mixes with the ribosome,
    which begins the process of protein
    synthesis. So basically in this stage, RNA is
    created, so it can go and make instruct the
    making of protein.

    TRANSFERAL

    In this stage, an amino acid activating enzyme attaches

    an amino acid to one end of transfer RNA (tRNA), also

    called an adaptor molecule. On the other end of the

    adaptor is a condon (a specific three-nucleotide code)

    which will be used when the adaptor reaches the mRNA.

    Once the condon is retrieved, the mRNA continues to the

    ribosome. So basically, in this stage, an adaptor is

    connected to an amino acid so it can be energized and

    have enough strength to continue its journey.

    TRANSLATION

    At this point, one amino acid is attached to an adaptor.

    Remember that it takes many amino acids to make up

    one protein. Therefore, there must be a way to link

    these amino acids into a single protein in order to

    complete protein synthesis. This is where the ribosome

    comes in which is so good at producing proteins that is

    often termed a "protein factory." The ribosome "reads"

    the start condon (AUG) and associates it with the

    proper amino acid. Once all the amino acids have been

    linked, mRNA signals STOP. The ribosome releases the

    mRNA and the amino acid, and a protein has been

    made.

    - CYTOPLASM :
    - CYTOSOL
    - ORGANELLES
    - INCLUSIONS
    - CYTOSOL :
    - 55% of total cell volume .
    - It is 75% of water , ions , glucose , amino
    acids,protiens, lipids , ATP , waste
    products .

    CYTOSKELETON :
    It is a network of protein filaments that
    extends throughout the cytosol .
    - 3 types of filamentous protiens contribute
    cytoskeleton .
    - Microfilaments
    - Intermediate filaments
    - Microtubules

    ORGANELLES :
    -

    MITOCHONDRIA

    RIBOSOMES

    ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

    GOLGI APPARATUS

    LYSOSOMES

    CENTROSOME

    PEROXISOMES

    MITOCHONDRIA

    Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion) are


    typically tubular or rod shaped organelles found
    in the cytoplasm of most cells and produces
    enzymes for the metabolic conversion of food to
    energy

    Power houses of cell

    Function ATP production

    STRUCTURE

    - A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes


    - composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins.

    The two membranes have different properties.


    Because of this double-membrane organization, there
    are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion.

    PARTS :

    Outer membrane

    Inner membrane

    Intermembrane space

    Crista

    Matrix

    RIBOSOMES

    Protien synthesizer consisting of two subunits .

    Larger one 50 S and smaller 30 S .

    ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

    - Network of hollow membrane tubules


    - Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane

    Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport

    Two types of ribosomes


    - rough ER
    - smooth ER

    ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

    Has ribosomes on its surfacemakes membrane proteins and


    proteins for Export.

    SMOOTH ENDOPASMIC RETICULUM

    Lack ribosomes on its surface

    It is attached to the ends of Rough ER.

    It synthesizes fatty acids

    GOLGI APPARATUS :
    - Golgi complex is a network of flattened smooth
    membranous sacs- cisternae and vesicles.
    - These are responsible for the secretion of proteins from
    the cells(hormones, plasma proteins, and digestive
    enzymes).
    - It works in combination with ER.

    LYSOSOMES :
    - Lysosomes are roughly spherical bodies enclosed by a
    single membrane. They are manufactured by the Golgi
    apparatus
    - They have a single limiting membrane.
    - They have an acidic pH- 5
    - They have a group of enzymes called Hydrolases

    PEROXISOMES

    Peroxisomes are about the size of lysosomes (0.51.5 m) and


    like them are enclosed by a single membrane.

    Peroxisomes are from the ER.

    PEROXISOMES.

    Some of the functions of the peroxisomes


    breakdown of excess fatty acids
    break down of hydrogen peroxide.
    participates in the synthesis of cholestrol.

    CONCLUSION

    Every one should be thorough in the cell ,its functions and


    their pathology to understand the pathogenesis of the
    diseases.

    REFERENCES

    TORTORA Principles of Anotomy and Physiology


    8th Edition

    Guyton - Text book of medical physiology


    10th Edition

    Grays Anotomy 38th Edition


    Wheaters oral Histology text book

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