fzpdpapd; mbg;gil

(FUNDERMENTAL
OF THE COMPUTER)

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

cs;thq;Fjy; (receiving), Nrkpj;jy; (storing), khw;wpaikj;jy;

(manupulating) Nghd;w jpwikfisf;nfhz;l xU ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdk;
fzpdp vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhLf;fg;gLk; juTfis (data) khw;wpaikj;jNy Processing vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;NghJ RUf;Fjy;, Nrkpj;jy;, toq;fg;gLk;
juTfis kPsg;ngwy; Nghd;wtw;Wld; $l;ly;, fopj;jy;, gpupj;jy;,
ngUf;fy; Nghd;w fzpj;jy; NtiyfSk; eilngWfpd;wd.
fzpdp gytifahd juTfis cs;nsLj;J nrad;Kiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
fzpdp juTfis cs;nsLg;gjw;Fr; rpy topfs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy;
nghJthdJ keyboard KiwahFk;. mjhtJ> keyboard ,idg; gad;gLj;jpj;
juTfis cs;sDg;Gjy; MFk;. ,e;j keyboard MdJ cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdk;
(Input Device) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. juTfs; fzpdpapDs; nrd;wJk;
mtw;iwr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F fzpdp jahuhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;>
mtw;iw vt;thW> vg;gb> vd;d nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;gnjy;yhk;
fzpdpf;F Kd;dNu nrhy;yg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it mwpTWj;jy;fs;
(instructions) my;yJ fzpdp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; (programs) vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

fzpdpahdJ
Fwpg;gpl;l
Ntiyapidr;
nra;tjw;F
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;
topfhl;Lfpd;wd.
fzpdp
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;
mwpTWj;
jy;fs;
KOikahfTk;
njspthdKiwapYk; nfhLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,it fzpdpnkhopapy;
(Computer Language) nfhLf;fg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.

fzpdp nkhopfs; rpy :

Basic
Pascal
C++
JAVA

C#
juTfs; cupaKiwapy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJk; tpisTfs;
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;JNthUf;F ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdk; (Output Device)
%yk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

fzpdpapd; jiyKiwfs;

Kjyhk; jiyKiw 1946 1959

Kjd;ik njhopy;El;gk;
fhw;W ntw;wplFoha;
gpujhz epiztfk;
Jisaplg;gl;l ml;ilfs;
cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lf; fUtpfs;
Jisaplg;gl;l ml;ilfs; fljhrpfs;
nkhop
,ae;jpu nkhop
,aq;Fk; mikg;G
kdpjd; Mopfis ,af;Ftjd; *yk; ,af;Fjy;
msT
kpfnghpa mikg;G
cjhuzk; ENIAC,EDVAC,UNIVAC

,uz;lhk; jiyKiw 1959 1964

Kjd;ik njhopy;El;gk;
Transistors
gpujhz epiztfk;
MagnetictapesandMagneticDisk
cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lf; fUtpfs;
MagnetictapesandMagneticDisk
nkhop
Assemblylanguage
,aq;Fk; mikg;G
kdpjd; Jisaplg;gl;l ml;ilfis gad;gLj;Jjy;
msT
rpWjhf;fg;gl;lJ
IBM1401,NCR300,IBM600

%z;whk; jiyKiw 1965 1970

Kjd;ik njhopy;El;gk;
IntegratedCircuit(IC)
gpujhz epiztfk;
PROM,DRAM
cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lf; fUtpfs;
inputkeyboard
MonitorandFloppydisk
nkhop
highlevellanguage
,aq;Fk; mikg;G
mikg;G nkd;nghUs; mwpKfg;gj;jg;gl;lJ
msT
rpwpaJ
IBMSYSTEM360,ICH360,HONEY WELL-316

ehz;fhk; jiyKiw 1971 1981

Kjd;ik njhopy;El;gk;
LSICandVLSIC(MicroProcessor)
gpujhz epiztfk;
EPROM,SRAM
cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lf; fUtpfs;
inputkeyboard
MonitorandFloppydisk,Harddisk
nkhop
LanguageandApplicationsoftware
,aq;Fk; mikg;G
MSDOS,PCDOS
msT
kpf rpwpaJ
IBMPC,AppleMacintoshetc

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

fzpdpapd; tiffs;

(TYPES OF THE COMPUTER)

fzpdpahdJ ghu;it mbg;gilapYk; njhopw;ghl;bd;

mbg;gilapYk; ghtid mbg;gilapYk; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

fzpdp
ghu;it
mbg;gilapy;

ghtidapd;
mbg;gilapy;

njhopw;ghl;b
d;
mbg;gilapy;

Analog :
Ma;T$lq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Main Frame
Mini Frame
Micro computer
Desktop
Laptop
(NoteBook)
Palmtop
Pocket

Digital :
nghJthd
gad;ghl;by; cs;sit.
Hybrid :
Muha;r;rpfSf;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Special Purpose (Super Computer)

General Purpose (Personal Computer)

IBM Compatible

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

Apple Compatible

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

njhopw;ghl;bd;; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;

ANALOG COMPUTER
Muk;gfhyj;jpy; fzpdpfs; Analog fzpdpfshfNt ,Ue;jd. Mdhy;
je;nghOJ ,it mupjhfp Digital Computer fNs cyif Mf;fpukpj;Js;sd.
,Ug;gpDk;
Analog
fzpdpfs;>
Ma;T$lq;fspy;
jw;nghOJk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

ANALOG COMPUTER
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

DIGITAL COMPUTERS
jw;NghJ $Ljyhd gad;ghl;bYs;sit ,f;fzpdpfNs. ,t;tif
fzpdpfs; 1 - 0 ,id mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl njhopw;gLfpd;wd.

HYBRID COMPUTER
Digital Computer, Analog Computer Mfpa ,uz;bdJk;
,ay;gpid cs;slf;fpa fzpdpNa Hybrid Computer vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J
Muha;r;rpfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

ghu;it mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;

MAINFRAME
Network ,y; gy E}W fzpdpfSf;Fj; jiyikf; fzpdpahf nraw;gLk;
fzpdpNa Mainframe vdg;gLfpwJ. ,J gUkdpy; kpfTk; ngupajhfTk;>
NtfkhdjhfTk; $ba nfhs;ssT cilajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

MAINFRAME

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

MINI COMPUTER
Network ,y; mainframe cld; ,ize;J nraw;gLk; Jizf;fzpdpfs; Mini Computer
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it mainframe ,idtplg; gUkdpy; rpwpaitahf
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,tw;Wld; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f njhifapy; jdpegH fzpdpfs;
,izf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

MINI COMPUTER

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

MICRO COMPUTER
ehk; rhjhuzkhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Personal Computer fs;
(PCs) ahTNk Micro Computer vDk; tifiar; Nru;e;jitahFk;. ,it
gad;gLj; jg;gLk; tpjj;jpw;Nfw;g tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

mitahtd:
1. Desktop Computer
2. Laptop Computer (Notebook Computer)
3. Palmtop Computer
4. Pocket Computer

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

DESKTOP COMPUTERS

,J Micro Computer vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nkirapd;Nky;
itj;Jg;
gad;gLj;jf;$bajhf
,Ug;gjdhy; ,jid Desktop vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

DESKTOP COMPUTER

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

DIAGRAM OF A DESKTOP COMPUTER

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

LAPTOP COMPUTERS

,J Notebook Computer vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jid xU kdpjd;
jdJ kbapy; itj;Jg; Ntiy nra;tJld;
vLj;Jr;nry;yf;$ba
mstpy;
,yFthf cs;sJ. mj;NjhL ,J Desktop
Computer
nra;Ak;
Ntiyfs;
midj;ijAk; nra;af;$ba jhFk;.

LAPTOP

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

PALMTOP COMPUTERS
,jid xU kdpjd; jdJ cs;sq;ifapy; itj;Jg; gad;gLj;jKbAk;.
,jdhNyNa ,J Palmtop vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; xU Desktop ,y;
nra;Ak; Ntiyapd;; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gFjpapidNa nra;aKbAk;.

PALMTOP

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

POCKET COMPUTERS

POCKET COMPUTER

,jid xU kdpjd; jdJ rl;ilg;igapDs;NsNa nfhz;L nry;yf;

$bathW
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
,jdhNyNa
,J
Pocket
Computer
vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jpy;
Fwpj;j
xUrpy
Ntiyapid
kl;LNk
nra;aKbAk;.
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

ghtid mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;

SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER
Muha;r;rp Nghd;w tpNrl NjitfSf;nfd tbtikf;fg;gLk; fzpdpfs;
ahTk; Special Purpose Computers vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it Super
Computer vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

nghJthd NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdpfs; ahTk; General
Purpose Computer vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ mYtyfk; kw;Wk;
tPl;Lg; ghtidapy; cs;s fzpdpfs; ahTk; ,t;tifapidr; Nru;e;jitahFk;.
,it ,uz;L tiffshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (gpujhd epWtdq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy;)
mitahtd:
01. IBM Compatible Computer
02. Apple Compatible Computer
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

IBM COMPATIBLE COMPUTER

IBM COMPATIBLE

IBM epWtdk; jahupf;Fk; fzpdpfSk;> NtW epWtdq;fs;

jahupf;Fk; IBM epWtdf; fzpdpfSf;F xj;jpirthd fzpdpfSk; IBM
Compatible Computer vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

APPLE COMPATIBLE COMPUTER

APPLE COMPATIBLE

Apple epWtdk; jahupf;Fk; fzpdpfs; Apple Compatible Computer vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. (,t;tif fzpdpapia Apple epWtdk; kl;LNk
jahhpf;fpd;wJ.)
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

fzpdpapd; ,af;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd

gFjpfs;
COMPUTER

HARDWARE
INPUT UNIT

CPU

SOFTWARE
OUTPUT UNIT

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Eg :
Windows
Dos
Unix

FIRMWARE

Eg :
BIOS Program

APPLICATION
SOFTWARE

LANGUAGE
MACHINE LEVEL

LOW LEVEL

Eg :

Eg :

Binary Language

Assemply language

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

HIGH LEVEL
Eg :
Basic
C++
Pascal

PACKAGE
Eg :
Access
Excell
Word

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

HARDWARE

fzpdpapid cUthf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJk;> Software ,dhy;

nraw;gLj;jg;gLtJkhd ,yj;jpudpay; gFjpfs; Hardware vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ

MOTHER BOARD

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

SOFTWARE

fzpdpapdhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w mwpTWj;jy;fspd;

gl;bay; software vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. software gpujhdkhf
%d;W gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mitahtd :
01. Firm ware
02. System software
03. Application software

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

FIRMWARE
cw;gj;jpahsh;fshy; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ fzpdpapd; Hardware ,y;
epue;jukhfg; gjpag;gLk; xU njhFjp mwpTWj;jy;fs; Firmware vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid mbg;gilahf itj;Nj fzpdpapd; Vida Software fs;
,aq;Ffpd;wd.
cjhuzk; :
01. Memory Testing
Muk;gr;nraw;ghLfs;.

02. fzpdpia on nra;jTld; eilngWk;

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
fzpdpapd;
Hardware
gFjpapidg;
gaDs;sjhf;Ffpd;w
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; System Software vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; :
Operating System
DOS
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows 2000
Unix

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

rfy

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

fzpdpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyfisr; nra;Ak;

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;
Application
Software
vd
miof;fg;gL fpd;wd. ,it System Software ,id
mbg;gilahf
itj;Jf;nfhz;L
nraw;gLfpd;wd.
Application
Software
MdJ
gpujhdkhf
,uz;L
gpupTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mitahtd :
01. Package
02. Programming language

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

PACKAGE

fzpdpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyapid

jahhpf; fg;gl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;
miof;fg;gL fpd;wd.
cjhuzk; :
Word
Wordpad
Excell
Access

Paintbrush
Notepad

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

nra;tjw;nfd
Packages vd

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

fzpdpapy; epfo;r;rpg;gl;bay;fs; cUthf;Ftjw;Fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Software, Programming Language vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; gpujhdkhf %d;W gpupTfs;
cs;sd.
mitahtd:
01. Machine Language
02. Low Level Language
03. High Level Language

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

MACHINE LANGUAGE

,idAk; 0 ,idAk; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhop Binary

language vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Machine language vd
miof;fg;gLk; ,JNt fzpdp tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk;
nkhop ahFk;.
Vida
nkhopfspy;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis
vOjpdhYk;, mit mtw;Wf;Fupa Translator Program
fs; %yk; fzpdp nkhopahd Machine Language ,w;F
khw;wpNa nraw;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd.
1

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE

,J Assembly Language vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; Low Level
Language ,y; ,e;j Assembly Language kl;LNk cz;L. ,J tpsq;ff;$ba
FwpaPl;L tbtpy; mike;j nkhopahFk;. ,J> Programmer fSf;F Machine
Language ,idtpl ,yFthf tpsq;ff;$ba xU nkhopahFk;.
,k; nkhopapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisf; fzpdp
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
khl;lhJ.
vdNt
,it
Machine
Language
,w;F
khw;wg;glNtz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;dNu fzpdp ,e;epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpid
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk;;.
gpd;
mjpy;
cs;s
mwpTWj;jy;
fspd;gb
njhopw;gLk;.
Assembly Language ,y; vOjg;gLk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis Machine
Language ,w;F khw;Wk; nraw;ghl;bidAk; fzpdpNa nra;fpwJ.
,jw;Fj;Njitahd nkhopngau;g;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhd (Translator
Program) Assembler vDk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; vOjg;gl;L fzpdpnkhopAlNdNa
cw;gj;jpahsu;f spdhy; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Assembly
Language
Source Program

Assembler
(Translator)
Special Translator
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

Machine
Language
Object Program

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

,k;nkhop Assembly Language ,Yk; Kd;Ndw;wfukhdJ. fzpdpf;F Assembly
Language ,y; gy mwpTWj;jy;fspy; nfhLf;f Ntz;batplak; ,e;j nkhop%yk;
xNu mwpTWj;jypy; nfhLf;ff;$bathW ,Uf;fpd;wJ. kw;Wk; Assembly
Language ,y; Program vOJtjw;F $basT mwpT Njitg;gl;lJ.
vdNt tpQ;Qhdpfs; kl;LNk mjpy; Program vOjf;$bathW ,Ue;jJ
(vOjpdhu;fs;).
Mdhy;> High Level Language MdJ ,yFthdjhfTk; Mq;fpy nkhopapy;
mike;jpUg;gjdhYk; ,jpy; rhjhuz mwpTlNdNa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis
jahupf;ff;$bathW ,Ue;jJ (,Uf;fpd;wJ). gy High Level Language fs; gy;NtW
Jiwfspy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
cjhuzk; :
1) Basic
2) Pascal
3) COBOL
4)

FORTRAN

5) C++

6) Prolog
7) Ada
8) Delphi
9) Java
10) SQL

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

,y; cs;stw;iw MACHINE

LANGUAGE ,w;F khw;Wk; TRANSLATOR fs;

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

High Level Language ,y; vOjg;gl;l Program ,id Machine Language

,w;F
khw;Wtjw;fhf
,uz;L
Translator
Program
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
mitahtd:
01.Compiler
02.Interpreter
,it cw;gj;jpahsu;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

High Level
Language
Source Program

Interpreter
Compiler
Translating Program

Machine
Language
Object Program

Fwpg;G:
Machine Language ,w;F khw;wg;gl;l Object Program ,idNa fzpdp
nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

fs;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

,w;Fk;, INTERPRETER ,w;Fk;

,ilNaahd NtWghLfs;.

COMPILER

Compiler MdJ Source Program ,id KOikahf Memory ,y; vLj;J

rupghu;j;J mjd;gpd; Source Program ,id Machine Language ,w;F (Object
Program f;F) khw;Wfpd;wJ. khw;wpagpd; vkf;F EXE File xd;wpidj;
jUfpwJ. ,e;jg; File gpd;du; mjd; Compiler ,y;yhkNy ,aq;Fk;.
Mdhy;> Interpreter MdJ Source Program ,id
xt;nthU tupahf Memory f;F Vw;wp Program ,d; fl;lis fs; rupah vdg;
ghu;j;Jtpl;L clNdNa nraw;gLj;Jk;. ,jd;NghJ Program ,d; Kjy;tup
rupahf ,Ue;jTlNdNa mJ nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,uz;lhtJ tup gpioahf
,Ug;gpd; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; ,ilapy; jilg;gl;LtpLk;.
Fwpg;G:
Compiler MdJ gpiofisj; jpUj;jpagpd;dNu EXE File ,idj;jUk;.
Mdhy;
Interpreter
Program
,id
xt;nthU
thpahf
rhpghHj;jTlNdNa
nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jd;NghJ gpio fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy; me;j
Program ,ilepWj;jg;gLk;.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

fzpdpapd; ed;ikfSk; jPikfSk;

(ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE COMPUTER)

ed;ikfs; (Advantages)
1. kpf tpiuthdJ
gy kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd fzf;Ffis xU nrf;fdpy; jPu;f;Fk;
jpwd; nfhz;lJ. ,jdJ ,t;Ntfk; Nfl;]; (Hertz Hz) vDk; myfpy;
msf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mj;NjhL
,t;Ntfk;
fzpdpf;Ff;
fzpdp
khWgLfpd;wJ.
2. kpfTk; jpUj;jkhdJ
,yj;jpudpay; Rw;Wf;fs; nghwpapay;
gFjpfisg;Nghd;W ,yF tpy; gOjiltjpy;iy. mj;NjhL> ,it kpfTk;
jpUj;jkhditahfTk; ek;gfkhditahfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
3. epidtfk; (Memory)
,jpy; mjpfstpyhd juTfisr; Nrkpj;Jitg;gJld; cupa Neuj;jpy;
mtw;iw kpftpiuthfTk; vLf;ff;$bajhfTs;sJ.
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;
mbg;gil

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;

COMPUTER SCIENCE

jPikfs; (Disadvantages)
1. mwpTWj;jy;fs; ,y;yhky; fzpdp vjidAk; nra;ahJ.
2. kdpjdpd; Kf;fpakhd jpwd;fshd Rakhfr; rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy;>
fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;> Rakhf cUthf;fy;; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fzpdp
nfhz;bUf;fkhl;lhJ.
3. fzpdpahdJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;gbNa nraw;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt>
epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; gpioahf ,Ug;gpd; vg;NghJk; gpioahd
ngWNgWfisNa fzpdp jUk;.
4. jtwhd juTfisf; nfhLj;jhy; jtwhd ngWNgWfNs fpilf;Fk;.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

fzpdpapd;; fl;likg;G
(STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER)

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

fzpdpapd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;G

(BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER)

cs;sPl;Lg; gFjp

ikar; nraw;ghl;Lg; gFjp

ntspaPl;Lg; gFjp

ve;jnthU fzpdpAk; Nky; cs;s glk; fhl;Ltjidg;Nghy;>

Kf;fpakhd
%d;W
mbg;gilf;
fl;likg;Gf;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd;; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;
(INPUT DEVICES)

juTfisAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; fzpdpapDs; mDg;gg;

gad;gLk; rhjdq;fs; ahTk; cs;sPl;Lg; gFjp my;yJ cs;sPl;Lr;
rhjdq;fs; vd miof;fg; gLfpd;wd.

rpy cs;sPl;Lr;rhjdq;fs; :
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Light Pen
5. Magnetic Disk
6. Magnetic Tape
10. Modem
11. Digital Camera
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

KEYBOARD
,J fzpdpapDs; juTfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; cs;sDg;G tjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpujhdkhd cs;sPl;Lr;rhjdkhFk;.

PS2 KEYBOARD

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

MOUSE
,J fzpdpapDs; mwpTWj;jy;fis cs;sDg;Gtjw;Fg; gad;
gLj;jg;gLk; gpujhdkhd cs;sPl;Lr;rhjdkhFk;.

SCROLL MOUSE

PS2 MOUSE

TRACKBALL MOUSE

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Hand held scanner

Flatbed scanner

Digital camera

Light Pen
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Internal modem

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

External Modem

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

ikar;nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp
(CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CPU)

fzpdpapd; %is my;yJ ,jak; vd ,J miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

CPU
MdJ fzpj> kw;Wk; ju;f;fuPjpahd jPu;Tfis vLg;gJld;>
fzpdpapd; rfy
ghfq;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J Processor vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ekJ ghtidapy; cs;s rpy Processors :

1. AMD
2. Cyrix
3. Intel

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Intel Processor

Cyrix Processor

AMD Processor
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

CPU

,d; njhopw;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;G

external memory

cache memory
CPU

Input
devices

arithmatic
logic unit

Output
devices

control unit
Control signal

Data signal
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

CPU

,d; gpujhd njhopw;ghLfs;

eilngwNtz;ba njhlu;r;rpahd njhopw;ghLfis> epidtfj;jpy;

Nrkpf;fg;
gl;Ls;s
mwpTWj;jy;fspd;
mbg;gilapy;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
cs;sPl;Lj;
njhFjpapdhy;
mDg;gg;gLk;
juTfisAk;
mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; mjDila gpujhd epidtfj;jpy; (Main Memory ,y;)
Nrkpf;fpd;wJ.
fzpdpapd; rfy gFjpfSf;Fkhd fl;lisfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
juTfs;
nrad;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;LtUk;
njhFjpapw;F mDg;Gfpd;wJ.

tpisTfis

ntspaPl;Lj;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lj;njhFjp
(CONTROL UNIT)

,J fzpdpapy; kpf Kf;fpakhd gFjpahFk;. ,J fzpdpapd; Vida ghfq;

fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizj;jy; Nghd;w nrw;ghLfis
Nkw;nfhs; fpd;wJ.
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; njhFjpapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;

nraw;ghLfs;

cs;sPl;L rhjdq;fspypUe;JtUk; juTfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
gpd;du;
mtw;wpid
epidtfj;jpy;
Nrkpj;J
Njit
ahdNghJ
vLg;gjw;fhd
fl;lisiag;
gpwg;gpf;fpwJ.

nfhLf;fg;gLk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; mwpTWj;jy;fSf;fhd

fl;lis fisf; fzpdpapd; Vida gFjpfSf;F mDg;Gfpd;wJ.

fzpj kw;Wk;
toq;F fpd;wJ.

kw;iwa vy;yhg; gFjpfSf;Fupa fl;lisfis

mtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp> xUq;fpizf;fpd;wJ.

ju;f;fuPjpahd

nraw;ghLfSf;Fupa

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

fl;lisfis

mDg;Gtjd;%yk;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;fuPjpahd njhFjp

(ARITHMATIC AND LOGIC UNIT)

,J gpujhdkhf ,uz;L njhopw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

1. fzpjr; nraw;ghLfisr; nra;tJld; mjd; ngWNgWfis epidtfj;jpw;F
mDg;Gfpd;wJ.

2. ju;f;fuPjpahd njhopw;ghLfisr; nra;fpd;wJ.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

ntspaPl;Lr;rhjdq;fs;
(OUTPUT DEVICES)

fzpdpapdhy; Process nra;ag;gl;;l ngWNgWfisg; ghtidahsUf;F

toq;fg; gad;gLk; rhjdq;fs; ahTk; ntspaPl;Lg; gFjp my;yJ
ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

rpy ntspaPl;Lr;rhjdq;fs; :
1. Printer
2. Monitor
3. Magnetic Disk
4. Optical Disk
5. Speaker
6. Plotter
7. Modem

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

PRINTER
,r;rhjdkhdJ fzdpapDs; ,Uf;Fk; juTfisNah my;yJ ngwNtz;ba output
fisNah xU jhspy; mr;Rg;gjpj;Jj;jUk; rhjdkhFk;. ,it gpujhdkhf
%d;W tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

mitahtd :
1. Inkjet Printer
2. Laser Printer
3. Dotmatrix Printer

Inkjet printer

Laser printer
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

Dotmatrix printer

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

MONITOR

MONITOR

fzpdpf;F
cq;fshy;
toq;fg;gLk;
mwpTWj;jy;fs;
Process
nra;ag;gl;lgpd; mjw;fhd tpisTfs; ,e;j Monitor ,d; jpiuapy;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Monitor MdJ Black and White MfNth my;yJ
Colour MfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

External
Modem

Internal
modem

Speaker

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Magnetic Disk

Optical disk

Plotter
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

fzpdpapd; epidtfk;
(COMPUTER MEMORY)

juTfs;> jfty;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gjpe;Jitf;fg;

gad;gLk; fzpdpapd; gFjp epidtfk; (memory) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fzpdpfs;
,yj;jpudpay;
Kiwapy;
juTfisr;
Nrkpf;fpd;wd.
,r;nraw;ghLfs; kpd;Jbg;Gf;fis czUk; Rw;Wf;fs;%yk; eilngWfpd;wd.

epidtfq;fs;
Primary Memory (gpujhd

Secondary Memory (Jiz

epidtfk;)

epidtfk;)
MOS

RAM

PROM

Bipolar
Semiconductor

Bubble

Optical

eg:
eg:
Magnetic Tapes DVD
Floppy Disk
CD

ROM

EPROM

Magnetic

(5.25/3.5)

EAPROM

Floppy
3.5 (A)

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

Floppy
5.25 (B)

Magnetic
& Optical
eg:
Floptical
Disk

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

gpujhd epidtfk;

(PRIMARY MEMORY OR MAIN MEMORY)

jw;fhyj;jpy; chips ,dhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gpujhd epidtfk;, semiconductor memory

Mfpatw;wpy; memory chips IC tbtq;fspNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kpfr;rpwpa
gFjpapDs; gyE}W ,yj;jpudpay; gFjpjpfisf;nfhz;l Rw;Wf;fs; IC vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;j
IC
fis
cUthf;Ftjw;Fg;
gpujhdkhf
,uz;L
njhopDl;gq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd:
1. MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) ,idg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
2. Bipolar Semiconductor ,idg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

MOS
MOS MdJ Fiwe;j kpd;rf;jpAld; nrw;glf;$bajhFk;. ,t;tif epidtfq;fis ,uz;L

tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
3. RAM (Random Access Memory epiyah epidtfk;)
4. ROM (Read Only Memory mopah epidtfk;)

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

RAM
thrpg;gjw;Fk; gjptjw;Fkhd epidtfkhFk;. ,q;F fzpdpahdJ off MFk;NghJ
,e;j epidtfj;jpy; gjpe;Jitj;jpUe;jit ahTk; mope;JtpLk;.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

ROM

,e;epidtfj;jpy;
gjpe;Js;stw;iw
thrpf;fkl;LNk
KbAk;.
,jpYs;stw;iw mopf;fNth my;yJ khw;wk; nra;aNth KbahJ.
ROM

,d; tiffs;

1. PROM (Programable ROM)

2. EPROM (Erasable Programable ROM)
3. EAPROM (Electrically Alternate Programable ROM)

Bubble Memory

,J kpfr;rpwpa fhe;jg;Gyq;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F

Bubbles(Fkpo;fs;) cUthfpdhy; 1 vdTk;> Bubbles cUthftpy;iy
vdpy; 0 vdTk; nfhs;sg;gl;Lj; juTfs; gjpag;gLfpd;wd.
,jw;fhd
kpd;toq;fy;
Jz;bf;fg;gl;lhYk;
,jpYs;sit
mopakhl;lhJ.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Jiz epidtfk;

(SECONDARY MEMORY OR AUXILIARY MEMORY)

,q;F gjpag;gLgit mopahky; epue;jukhf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,J

NonVolatile Memory vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ CPU MdJ ,aq;fhky; off epiyf;F
te;jhYk; ,jpy; gjpag;gl;Ls;sit mope;JNghfhJ. ,J Main Memory I tpl Ntfk;
Fiwe;jJ. ,J 3 tifg;gLk;.

mitahtd :
1. Magnetic
2. Optical
3. Floptical

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

1. MAGNETIC
1. Magnetic Tape
,J rhjhuzkhd xypg;gjpT ehlhtpy; ghly;fisg; gjptJNghyNt juTfisg;
gjpfpd;wJ. ,r; rhjdk; fzpdpapYs;s jfty;> juTfis Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;Fg;
(Backup) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

ed;ikfs; :

1. kypthdJ.
2. mjpf nfhs;ssT cilaJ.

jPikfs; :

1. J}R> <uypg;G> ntg;gk;> fhe;jk; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J

ghJfhf;fNtz;ba
mtrpaKs;sJ.
2. jfty;fisj; Njb vLg;gjw;fhd Neuk; mjpfk;.
myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

2. Floppy Disk
,J xU Magnetic Disk MFk;. ,jpy; ,uz;L tifAz;L.

mitahtd :
1. 5.25 (B) Floppy
2. 3.50 (A) Floppy

3.50(A) Floppy

5.25(B) Floppy

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

2. OPTICAL
1.Optical Disk
,t;tif disk fspy; juTfisg; gjptjw;Fk; thrpg;gjw;Fk; Laser njhopDl;gk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Optical Disk

CD (Compact Disk)

ROM Read Only Memory

RW
(650 MB 700 MB)
(650 MB 700 MB)

DVD (Digital Video Disk)

ROM
(4.7GB 18 GB)

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

RW - ReWritable
(4.7GB 18 GB)

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

3. MAGNETIC & OPTICAL

1.Floptical Disk
fhe;jtpay; njhopDl;gk;> Nyru; njhopDl;gk; Mfpa ,uz;L
njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpj; jfty;fs; gjpag;gLk; Disk, Floptical Disk vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdJ nfhs;ssT 20 Mega Bytes ,idtpl mjpfkhdjhFk;. ,jdsT
3.5 Mf ,Ue;jhYk; ,jw;Fj; jdpahd Drive Njit.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

FLOPPY DISK

,d;

cs;sikg;G
Sector

Track

0-Track 0-Sector

1-Track 2-Sector

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Disks

If; ifahSk;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sNtz;bait

Magnetic Disks ,y; fhe;j Nkw;gug;gpNyNa jfty;fs; gjpag;gLfpd;wd.

3.5 Floppy Disk ,y; ,e;j Nkw;gug;G Plastic Cover ,dhy;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jf; Cover cile;jpUe;jhy;> me;j Disk ,idg;
gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. Vnddp;y; ,J Disk Drive ,id epue;jukhfg; gOjilar;
nra;JtpLk;.
3.5 Floppy Disk ,d; Nkw;gug;gpy;> fhe;j Nkw;gug;ig %bAs;s Metal
Protective Slider I efu;j;jf;$lhJ. Vnddpy; if milahsq;fspdhYk;>
J}rpfspdhYk; jfty;fs; ,of;fg;glyhk;.
Disks ,y; gad;gLj;jhj Ntisfspy;> mtw;iw mtw;Wf;Fupa ghJfhg;ghd
,lq;fspy; itf;fNtz;Lk;. (Eg :- DiskBox)
TV, Speaker Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;s fhe;jq;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk;
fhe;jg;Gyq;fs; Disk ,y; cs;s jfty;fis mopf;ff;$baJ. ,t;thwhdtw;wpw;F
mUfpy; Magnetic Disks I itf;ff;$lhJ.
ntg;gkhd nghUl;fSf;fz;ikapy; Disks I itf;ff;$lhJ. ntg;gkhdJ Plastic Cover
,id cUkhw;wpdhy; Magnetic Disk gOjile;JtpLk;.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;

mj;jpahak; 01 : fzpdpapd; fl;likg;G

COMPUTER SCIENCE

jfty;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mNdfkhd Disks (Floppy) write Protect Tab

,id my;yJ Notch ,idf; nfhz;Ls;sd. Write Protect Notch MdJ ON
epiyapy; ,Ug;gpd; jfty;fis thrpf;fkl;LNk KbAk;;> gjpaNth
my;yJ khw;wk;nra;aNth KbahJ.
Disk ,aq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ> Disk Drive ,Ys;s LED vupAk;.
,jd;NghJ Disk ,id ntspNa vLf;ff;$lhJ.
CD ,d; cl;gFjpapy; fPwy;fs; vjidAk; Vw;gltplf;$lhJ ,jdhy; mjpy;
gjpag;gl;Ls;s rpy jfty;fis thrpf;fKbahky; ,Uf;Fk;.
CD ,d; ntspg;gFjpapy; (Nky;gFjpapy;) xl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; Sticker
,id xUNghJk; cupf;ff;$lhJ. Vnddpy; me;j Sticker ,y;iynadpy;
juTfis
thrpg;gjw;fhf
mDg;gg;gLk;
Laser
Beams
Reflect
nra;akhl;lhJ. ,jdhy; juTfis thrpf;f KbahJNgha;tpLk;.

myF 01 : fzpdpapd;