PERCEPTION

DEFINATION

Perception is the organization, identification,

and interpretation ofsensoryinformationin
order to represent and understand the
environment. All perception involves signals in
thenervous system, which in turn result from
physical or chemical stimulation of the sense
organs. Basically Perception is the ability to take
in information via thesenses, and process it in
some way.

oPerception is not the passive receipt of signals, but

is shape bylearning,memory,expectation, and
attention.Perception involves "top-down" effects as
well as the "bottom-up" process of
processing sensory input. The "bottom-up" processing
transforms low-level information to higher-level
information (e.g., extracts shapes for object
recognition). The "top-down" processing refers to a
person's concept and expectations (knowledge), and
selective mechanisms (attention) that influence
perception.

EXAMPLES
vision involveslightstriking theretinaof the
eye, smell is mediated by odormolecules, and
hearing involvespressure waves.
SMELL EXAMPLE
The taste of nationalism:

salty liquorice, or Finnish salmiakki OF FINLAND

EXAMPLE: CROSSING THE ROAD

PROCESS AND TERMINOLOGY

The process of perception begins with an object in

the real world, termed thedistal
stimulusordistal object. By means of light,
sound or another physical process, the object
stimulates the body's sensory organs. These
sensory organs transform the input energy into
neural activitya process called transduction.
This raw pattern of neural activity is called
theproximal stimulus.These neural signals are
transmitted to the brain and processed.The
resulting mental re-creation of the distal
stimulus is thepercept

EXAMPLE
A person looking at a shoe. The shoe itself is the
distal stimulus. When light from the shoe enters a
person's eye and stimulates their retina, that
stimulation is the proximal stimulus.The image of
the shoe reconstructed by the brain of the person is
the percept.
Another example would be a telephone ringing. The
ringing of the telephone is the distal stimulus. The
sound stimulating a person's auditory receptors is
the proximal stimulus, and the brain's interpretation
of this as the ringing of a telephone is the percept.
The different kinds of sensation such as warmth,
sound, and taste are called "sensory modalities".

PERCEPTION AND REALITY

In the case of visual perception, some people can
actually see the percept shift in theirmind's
eye.Others, who are notpicture thinkers, may not
necessarily perceive the 'shape-shifting' as their
world changes. The esemplastic nature has been
shown by experiment: anambiguous imagehas
multiple interpretations on the perceptual level.
This confusing ambiguity of perception is
exploited in human technologies such
ascamouflage, and also in biologicalmimicry, for
example byEuropean Peacock butterflies, whose
wings bear eye markings that birds respond to as
though they were the eyes of a dangerous
predator.

PERCEPTIONS FEATURES

Constancy:-Perceptual constancyis the ability of

perceptual systems to recognize the same object
from widely varying sensory inputs.
For example:(1) An individual people can be recognised from
views, such as frontal and profile, which form
very different shapes on the retina.
(2) A coin looked at face-on makes a circular
image on the retina, but when held at angle it
makes an elliptical image. In normal perception
these are recognised as a single threedimensional object.

GROUPING:-Theprinciples of grouping(orGestalt laws of grouping) are a set of principles

inpsychology, first proposed byGestalt psychologiststo explain how humans naturally perceive
objects as organized patterns and objects.
These principles are organized into six categories:principle ofproximity
The principle ofproximitystates that, all else being equal, perception tends to group stimuli that
are close together as part of the same object, and stimuli that are far apart as two separate objects.
The principle ofsimilarity
The principle ofsimilarity states that, all else being equal, perception lends itself to seeing stimuli
that physically resemble each other as part of the same object, and stimuli that are different as part
of a different object. This allows for people to distinguish between adjacent and overlapping objects
based on their visual texture and resemblance.
The principle ofclosure
The principle ofclosure refers to the minds tendency to see complete figures or forms even if a
picture is incomplete, partially hidden by other objects, or if part of the information needed to make
a complete picture in our minds is missing. For example, if part of a shapes border is missing people
still tend to see the shape as completely enclosed by the border and ignore the gaps.
The principle ofgood continuation
The principle ofgood continuationmakes sense of stimuli that overlap: when there is an
intersection between two or more objects, people tend to perceive each as a single uninterrupted
object.
The principle ofcommon fate
The principle ofcommon fate groups stimuli together on the basis of their movement. When visual
elements are seen moving in the same direction at the same rate, perception associates the
movement as part of the same stimulus. This allows people to make out moving objects even when
other details, such as color or outline, are obscured.
The principle ofgood form
The principle ofgood formrefers to the tendency to group together forms of similar shape, pattern,
color, etc.

Contrast effects:- A common finding across

many different kinds of perception is that the
perceived qualities of an object can be affected by
the qualities of context. If one object is extreme
on some dimension, then neighboring objects are
perceived as further away from that extreme.
"Simultaneous contrast effect" is the term used
when stimuli are presented at the same time,
whereas "successive contrast" applies when
stimuli are presented one after another.

TYPES OF PERCEPTION

SOUND

SPEECH
TOUCH
TASTE

VISION

SOUND PERCEPTION

Hearing (oraudition) is the ability to

perceivesoundby detectingvibrations.
Frequencies capable of being heard by humans
are called audioorsonic. The range is typically
considered to be between 20Hzand
20,000Hz.Frequencies higher than audio are
referred to asultrasonic, while frequencies below
audio are referred to asinfrasonic.
FOR EXAMPLE THUNDER

SPEECH PERCEPTION

Speech perceptionis the process by which the

sounds of language are heard, interpreted and
understood. Research in speech perception seeks
to understand how human listeners recognize
speech sounds and use this information to
understand spoken language. The sound of a
word can vary widely according to words around
it and the tempo of the speech, as well as the
physical characteristics,accentand mood of the
speaker.

SPEECH RECOGNIZATION
DESIGN ISSUE
o

SPEAKER DEPENDENT vs SPEAKER

INDEPENDENT:SPEAKER DEPENDENT:It is anAcousticModelthat has been tailored to recognize a
particular person's speech. SuchAcousticModels are usually
trained using audio from a particular person's speech. However
you can also take a generic AcousticModelandadaptit to a
particular person's speech to create
aSpeakerDependentAcousticModel.

SPEAKER INDEPENDENT:ASpeakerIndependentAcousticModelcan recognize

speech from a person who did not submit any speech audio that
was used in the creation of theAcousticModel.

CONTINUOUS vs ISOLATED ;In this ,the speaker Pauses Between each

word is easier than interpreting continuous
speech this is because the boundary effects cause
words to be pronounced differently in different
contexts. For example ,the spoken phrase could
you contains a j sound and despite the fact it
contains two words ,there is no empty space
between them in the speech wave.

REAL TIME vs OFFLINE PROCESSING :Highly interactive application require that a

sentence be translated into text as it is being
spoken , while in other situations, it is
permissible to spend minutes computation and
real time speed hard to achieve.
LARGE vs SMALL VOCABULARY :recognizing utterness that are confined to small
vocabularies is easier than working with large
vocabularies. small one helps to limit the no of
word candidates for a given speech segment.

VISION PERCEPTION
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Visual perceptionis the ability to interpret the

surrounding environment by processing information that
is contained invisible light. The resultingperceptionis
also known aseyesight,sight, orvision
Examples of well-known assumptions, based on visual
experience, are:
light comes from above
objects are normally not viewed from below
faces are seen (and recognized) upright.
closer objects can block the view of more distant objects,
but not vice versa
figures (i.e., foreground objects) tend to have convex
borders

EXAMPLE: - VISION PERCEPTION

TOUCH PERCEPTION
Haptic Perception is the process of recognizing objects through
touch. It involves a combination ofsomatosensoryperception of
patterns on the skin surface (e.g., edges, curvature, and texture)
andproprioceptionof hand position and conformation. People can
rapidly and accurately identify three-dimensional objects by
touch.This involves exploratory procedures, such as moving the
fingers over the outer surface of the object or holding the entire
object in the hand.Haptic perception relies on the forces
experienced during touch. Haptic perceptionis the process of
recognizing objects through touch. It involves a combination
ofsomatosensoryperception of patterns on the skin surface (e.g.,
edges, curvature, and texture) andproprioceptionof hand position
and conformation.
People can rapidly and accurately identify three-dimensional
objects by touch.They do so through the use of exploratory
procedures, such as moving the fingers over the outer surface of
the object or holding the entire object in the hand.

EXAMPLE:- TOUCH PERCEPTION

THANK YOU