IGCSE Heat & Temp

Heat
The energy transfer from one

object to another because of a
temperature difference between
them
Matter doesnt contain heat..
Contains energy..Heat is energy
in transit
Heat
Thermal Contact..
..When heat flows from one
object to another that it contacts
Energy that flows from areas that are
higher in temp to areas that are lower
in temp
There is NO such thing as cold
Measurement of Heat
To quantify heat, we must specify
the mass and the kind of substance
affected
calorie.The amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of
1 gram of water by 1oC
Calorie.1000 calories food
Specific Heat (c)

The amount of heat required
to raise the temp of 1mass unit
of a substance by 1 temp. unit.
Thermal inertia signifies
the resistance of a substance
to change in temp.
Computing thermal expansion
Q = mCT
Q = heat gained or lost (J)
m = mass (kg)
T = change in temp (K)
C = specific heat (J/kg K)
Calorimeter
Device used to measure
changes in thermal energy
it is a closed system to
measure energy transfer
Heat of Fusion Hf
Amount of energy needed to
melt one kg of a substance
ice= 3.34 x 105 J/kg

ice= 80 cal
Melting Point
Temp at which a substance
changes from a solid to a liquid
same temp. as freezing point
Heat of Vaporization Hv
Amount of energy needed to
vaporize a kg of liquid
water = 2.26 x 106 J/kg
water= 540 cal
Boiling Point
Temp at which a substance
changes from a liquid to a gas
Same as temp for condensation to
occur
Q=mHf
or Q=mHv
Q.heat required to melt a
solid or vaporize a liquid
m.mass
Thermal Energy
The total energy of particles in a
material.
KE and PE
Thermal Energy Transfer

Occurs in 3 ways
CONDUCTION
CONVECTION
RADIATION
Conduction
Transfer of energy from molecule to
molecule
Most common in solids
KE is transferred when particles collide
MUST have direct contact
Conductors
Materials that conduct heat well
Metals.Silver
Insulators
A material that is a poor conductor
Delays the transfer of heat
Examples wood, wool, straw,
paper
Poor conductor is a good insulator
Convection
Movement of all fluids (gas or liquid)
Caused by substances having diff.
Densities at diff. temps.
Movement occurs in currents
Example.water, air
Radiation
Thermal energy transferred
through space in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
Examples .Solar energy,
Example
J 1 cal
980
kg 4.186 J
cal
234
kg
What does this mean?

Convert to grams because we know what
one cal does to one gram.
cal 1 kg
cal
234
0.234
kg 1000 g
g
T 0.234 C
o
Specific Heat
Heat Capacity = amount of heat required to
raise T by 1oC
Not very useful because it is not a property of the
material
Specific Heat = Heat Capacity per unit mass

Intrinsic property of the material
Q
c
mT
Q mcT
Calorimetry
Conservation of Energy
Assume that no energy is lost to the
surroundings
Heat Gained = Heat Lost
Calorimetry
Assume that we drop a lump of gold (m =
20 g) at 100oC into 50 g of water at 20oC.
What is the final equilibrium temperature?
Heat lost = mgcg(Tg Te)
Heat gained = mwcw(Te Tw)
note that both are positive
equate and solve for Te
Calorimetry
Te
mg c g Tg mw cwTw
mg c g mw cw
Do we need to use Kelvin temperatures?
20 g 129 J/kg K 100o C 50 g 4186 J/kg K 20 o C

Te
20 g 129 J/kg K 50 g 4186 J/kg K
Te 21 C
o
Calorimetry
Lets check to see if this is correct.
Heat lost mg cg Tg
0.02 kg 129 J/kg K 79 C 204 J

Heat gained mwcw Tw
o
0.05 kg 4186 J/kg K 1 C 209 J

o
It checks! The small difference is due to

roundoff.
Latent Heat
It requires heat to change the phase of a
substance.
Latent Heat is an intrinsic property
per unit mass
Heat of fusion of water = 80 cal/g

Heat of vaporization of water = 540 cal/g
Q = mL
Latent Heat
How much heat released in converting 1 g
of steam at 120oC to ice at 30oC?
Cool steam, condense, cool water

Q mcs T
1 g 0.5 cal/g K 20 C 10 cal

o
Q mLv
1 g 540 cal/g 540 cal
Q mcw T
1 g 1 cal/g K 100 C 100 cal

o
Freeze and cool ice

Q mL f
1 g 80 cal/g 80 cal
Q mci T
1 g 0.5 cal/g K 30 C 15 cal

o
Qtotal
4.186 J
3120 J
745 cal
1 cal
Example
A glass contains 120 g of ice at 0oC. What
is the equilibrium temperature if you add
400 g of water at 20oC?
Heat gained = heat lost
mi L f mi cw Te 0 mwcw Tw Te
Example
Te
mwcwTw mi L f
mi mw cw
2.67 o C
What ?!?
Check for mistakes.
There are no mistakes.
We made the assumption that all of the ice melted.

Actually only 100 g melted!

IGCSE Heat & Temp

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Heat

The energy transfer from one

Specific Heat (c)

Computing thermal expansion

ice= 3.34 x 105 J/kg

Thermal Energy Transfer

What does this mean?

Specific Heat = Heat Capacity per unit mass

Do we need to use Kelvin temperatures?

20 g 129 J/kg K 100o C 50 g 4186 J/kg K 20 o C

0.02 kg 129 J/kg K 79 C 204 J

0.05 kg 4186 J/kg K 1 C 209 J

It checks! The small difference is due to

Heat of fusion of water = 80 cal/g

Cool steam, condense, cool water

1 g 0.5 cal/g K 20 C 10 cal

1 g 1 cal/g K 100 C 100 cal

Freeze and cool ice

1 g 0.5 cal/g K 30 C 15 cal

We made the assumption that all of the ice melted.

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