Masonry Work

MASONRY
The Systematic arrangement of bricks or stones laid in
mortar to form a wall is known as masonry.

If stone blocks and mortar are used, it is called stone
masonry
If bricks and mortar are used, it is called brick
masonry
Stone Masonry is used in

Foundations
Columns
Walls
Lintels
Floors
Dams and retaining walls with high density stones
Monumental structures and carvings with soft stone
Materials Required for stone masonry

3
Stones:- hard, durable, tough and free from defects
e.g.: granite, sandstone, marbles, limestone, slate etc
Mortar: mixture of binding material like cement or
lime or both and sand along with water to bind stone

blocks
Terms used in Masonry

4
Natural bed:Building stones are obtained from rocks. Rocks

will have distinct plane of division along which stones can be
easily split. This plane is known as natural bed and the direction
of natural bed should be perpendicular to the direction of pressure
or load.
Terms used in Masonry

5
Corbel:- projecting stone from a wall to support roof truss,

beam, shed etc.
Fig. (1)
Terms used in Masonry contd

Course:- layer of stones or6 bricks along with one
thickness of mortar joint.
Cornice:- a projecting course of stones provided at
the top of wall.
Fig. (2)
Coping
7
Fig. (3)
Fig. (4)

8
Coping:- A course of stones which is laid at the top of wall

to protect the wall from rain water. generally provided at
the top of a compound wall or a parapet wall. It is suitable
weathered and throated.

9
Weathering:- surface of stone used for sills, cornice and

coping is dressed in a sloping way for draining water. Dress
surface is called weathering
Throating:-groove provided on underside of coping or
cornice to clear rain water from wall surface.
Fig. (5)

10
String course:The horizontal course provided at suitable

levels between plinth and the cornice. This course is
weathered and throated so as to throw off rain water from
the wall surface.

11
Lacing course:The horizontal course provided to strengthen a wall of
irregular small stones is known as a lacing course. It may
be in the form of either ashlar or coursed rubble masonry or
brick masonry
Fig. (6)

12
Spalls:- the chips of stones used to fill up the empty spaces in

stone masonry.
Through stone:- some stones at regular intervals are placed
right across
the wall. Such stones
are known as through
stones or bond stones.
If the thickness of wall
is high, two through stones
with an overlap is used.

13
Jambs:- the vertical sides of opening such as doors,

windows etc are known as jambs. They may be either plain
or splayed.
Reveals:- the exposed vertical surfaces at right angles to the

door or window frames.
Stooling:- horizontal seating to receive jambs and mullion.
Rubble Masonry
Stone masonry, in which stones of undressed irregular

sizes used with wider joints is called as Rubble
Masonry.
The strength of masonry depends on

i.
quality of mortar
ii.
Use of long through stones at frequent interval
iii.
Proper filling of mortar
Types of Rubble Masonry

Coursed rubble masonry
Uncoursed rubble masonry
Random rubble masonry
Dry stone rubble masonry
Polygonal rubble masonry
Flint rubble masonry
Types of Rubble Masonry

Course Rubble Masonry:-
Coursed Rubble Masonry Contd

Height of stones vary from 50mm to 200mm
stones in a course are of equal height
Used for public buildings, residential buildings etc
Coursed rubble masonry is again divided into three types
Types of Coursed Rubble Masonry

1. Coursed Rubble Masonry Sort 1
Coursed Rubble Masonry Sort 1 Contd
Same height stones used

Courses also same height
Face stones dressed by hammer
Bushings don't project by 40mm
Thickness of mortar joint doesn't exceed 10mm
2. Coursed Rubble Masonry Sort II
Coursed Rubble Masonry Sort II Contd..

Stones of different heights used
Courses need not be of equal heights
Two stones are used to make up the height of the course
Thickness of mortar joint 12mm
3. Coursed Rubble Masonry Sort III
Coursed Rubble Masonry Sort III Contd..
Stones of different heights used (minimum 0f 50mm)

Three stones are used to make up the height of the
course
Un coursed Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Rubble Masonry Contd..

Stones are not dressed
Used as obtained from quarry
First larger stones are laid and spaces between them are
filled with spalls

Wall is brought to a level at every 30cm to 50cm
Cheap, used for compound wall, godowns etc
Random Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry contd..

Irregular sizes and shapes are used
Stones arranged to give good appearance
Skill is required for masonry
If face stones are chisel dressed and
Thickness of mortar joint is 6mm-sort I RRM
If face stones are hammer dressed and joint is 12mm thick, it
is sort II RRM.
Construction of residential buildings, compound buildings etc
Dry Rubble Masonry

30
Dry Rubble Masonry

31
Dry Rubble Masonry

32
Coursed rubble masonry sort III without mortar joint
Used for compound wall, pitching on road approach,
retaining walls
Polygonal Rubble Masonry

33
Fig. (3)
Polygonal Rubble Masonry

34
Stones are hammer dressed
Stones for face work dressed in an irregular polygonal
shape with hammer

Face joints run in an irregular pattern
Skill is required for getting stability in the masonry
Flint Rubble Masonry

35
Flint Rubble Masonry

36
Flint stones which are irregularly shaped modules of silica

Width and thickness vary from 80mm to 150mm, length
varies from 150mm to 300mm

Stones are hard but brittle
Face arrangements either coursed or uncoursed
Strength increased by introducing lacing course
Ashlar Masonry
37
Square or rectangular blocks of stones used

Courses are not necessary of same height
Height of stones varies from 25cm to 30cm
Length of stone shouldn't exceed three times the height
Depth of stone into the wall should be equal to half the height
11
Types of Ashlar Masonry

38
Following are the types of Ashlar masonry

Ashlar fine masonry
Ashlar rough tooled masonry
Ashlar rock or quarry faced masonry
Ashlar chamfered masonry
Ashlar block in course masonry
Ashlar facing
Ashlar Fine Masonry

39
Fig. (5)
Ashlar Fine Masonry

40
Beds, sides and faces are finely chisel dressed

Stones are properly bonded
This masonry gives perfectly smooth appearance but costly
Ashlar Fine Masonry

41
Ashlar Rough Tooled Masonry

42
The beds and sides are finely chisel-dressed

Face is made rough by means of tools
25mm wide strip is provided around the perimeter by
chisel of every exposed stone for view

It is also known as the bastered ashlar
Ashlar Rock (or) Quarry Faced Masonry

43
25mm wide strip is provided around the perimeter by chisel
of every exposed stone for view

Remaining left as obtained from quarry
Bushings exceeding 80mm removed by hammer
Gives massive appearance
Ashlar Chamfered Masonry

44
Ashlar Chamfered Masonry

45
25mm wide strip is provided around the perimeter

The strip is chamfered or beveled at an angle of 45 o . by chisel
for a depth of 25mm

Another strip 12mm wide provided on remaining exposed
portion
Remaining portion kept as received from quarry
Large bushings removed by hammer
Brick Masonry
46
Construction carried out using
bricks and mortar is known as
brick masonry.
Mud mortar, lime mortar and cement mortar may be used in
brick masonry and its choice depends on the importance of

wall required
Size of brick is 19cm x 9cm x 9cm for modular bricks and
traditional bricks also available with various other sizes

depending on local requirement or usage
Advantages of Brick Masonry

Bricks are of uniform size and can be used in proper bond
Like stones, they do not need any dressing
Due to light weight they can be easily handled
They do not require lifting devices
They can be manufactured at any site
Transportation is easy
47
TECHNICAL TERMS
48
Fig. (1)
49
Stretcher and stretcher course:-
Longer face of the brick is known as stretcher. A course of

bricks in which all the bricks are laid with stretchers on facing,
is known as stretcher course
Fig. (2)
50
Fig.(3)
Header and header course:51 and height is known as header

Face of the brick showing breadth
and course containing headers on the exposed face is known as

header course
Fig.(4)
Arrises:52
The edges formed by the intersection of plane surfaces

of the brick are called the Arrises.
Fig. (5)
Bed:-
53
The lower surface of the brick in each course when laid

flat is known as bed
Bed joint:-
The horizontal layer of the mortar upon which bricks

are laid is known as bed joint
Perpends:-
54
vertical joint separating the bricks in either length or cross

section direction are known as the Perpends. For good bond,
the Perpend in alternative face should be vertical one above
that other
Lap:The horizontal distance between the vertical joints in

successive courses is termed as lap and for a good bond, which
should not be less than 1/4th of the length of the brick
55
Fig. (6)
Closer:-
56
It is a piece of brick, used to close up the bond at the end of the
course
It helps in preventing the joints of successive courses to come
in a vertical line
It is not moulded, but it is obtained by cutting a full brick.
Queen closer:-
This is obtained by cutting

the brick longitudinally in
57
two equal parts. A queen closer is generally placed next to quoin
header to obtain the necessary cap
Fig. (7)
King closer:-
58
It is obtained by cutting a triangular portion of the

brick such that half a header and half a stretcher are obtained on
the adjoining cut surface. It is used near door and window
openings to get proper mortar joints
Fig. (8)
King & Queen closures

59
Fig.9
60
Bat:-
This is a piece of brick usually considered in relation to

the length of a brick and accordingly known as half bat or three
quarter bat.
Fig. (10)
61
Course:-
A complete layer of bricks laid on the same

bed is known as course and its thickness is equal to
the thickness of a brick plus thickness of a mortar
Frog:62
A frog is an indentation made on the face of a

brick of depth about 10mm to 20mm . It is to form a
key for holding the mortar. Beside, the name of
manufacturer of bricks is written on the frog area.
Fig. 11
BRICK COMPONENTS
63
Fig. 12
64
Bonding:- The systematic arrangement of bricks with
mortar to tie them together in a mass of brick work is

known as bonding.
Good bonding should have a minimum of vertical
joints and should not be continuous in two successive
courses.
Bonding (contd.)
65 imposed load upon any
Bond distributes the super
individual brick in wall, to an increasing numbering
of bricks forming the wall below and there by
reducing the tendency to settlement.
Fig. (1)
Bonding (contd.)
66
A wall having continuous vertical
joints will act as
independent column and not as one compact unit.

Therefore the superimposed load is not well
distributed throughout the wall and local settlements
occurs
Fig. (2)
Rules for Bonding

67
The lap should be 1/4th of the brick along the length of
wall.
The lap should be one-half brick across the thickness
of the wall.
Brick should be of uniform size to get uniform lap.
Rules for Bonding (contd)

68
Stretcher should be used in the facing. The hearting
should be carried out with headers only

Use of brick bats should be avoided
Vertical joints should lie vertically above each other
in the alternate courses
TYPES OF BONDS
69
Stretcher bond
Header bond
English bond
Flemish bond
Garden wall bond
Raking bond
Dutch bond
Brick on edge bond
English cross bond
Racing bond

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MASONRY

The Systematic arrangement of bricks or stones laid in

mortar to form a wall is known as masonry.

Stone Masonry is used in

Materials Required for stone masonry

Stones:- hard, durable, tough and free from defects

e.g.: granite, sandstone, marbles, limestone, slate etc

Mortar: mixture of binding material like cement or

lime or both and sand along with water to bind stone

Terms used in Masonry

Natural bed:Building stones are obtained from rocks. Rocks

Terms used in Masonry

Corbel:- projecting stone from a wall to support roof truss,

Terms used in Masonry contd

Terms used in Masonry contd

Coping:- A course of stones which is laid at the top of wall

Terms used in Masonry contd

Weathering:- surface of stone used for sills, cornice and

Terms used in Masonry contd

String course:The horizontal course provided at suitable

Terms used in Masonry contd

Terms used in Masonry contd

Spalls:- the chips of stones used to fill up the empty spaces in

Terms used in Masonry contd

Jambs:- the vertical sides of opening such as doors,

Reveals:- the exposed vertical surfaces at right angles to the

Stooling:- horizontal seating to receive jambs and mullion.

Stone masonry, in which stones of undressed irregular

The strength of masonry depends on

Use of long through stones at frequent interval

Proper filling of mortar

Types of Rubble Masonry

Types of Rubble Masonry

Coursed Rubble Masonry Contd

Coursed rubble masonry is again divided into three types

Types of Coursed Rubble Masonry

Coursed Rubble Masonry Sort 1 Contd

Same height stones used

2. Coursed Rubble Masonry Sort II

Coursed Rubble Masonry Sort II Contd..

3. Coursed Rubble Masonry Sort III

Coursed Rubble Masonry Sort III Contd..

Stones of different heights used (minimum 0f 50mm)

Un coursed Rubble Masonry

Uncoursed Rubble Masonry Contd..

filled with spalls

Random Rubble Masonry

Random Rubble Masonry contd..

Dry Rubble Masonry

Dry Rubble Masonry

Dry Rubble Masonry

Coursed rubble masonry sort III without mortar joint

Used for compound wall, pitching on road approach,

Polygonal Rubble Masonry

Polygonal Rubble Masonry

Stones are hammer dressed

Stones for face work dressed in an irregular polygonal

shape with hammer

Skill is required for getting stability in the masonry