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l1 Introduction

This document provides an overview of an introduction to microelectronic circuits course. It discusses the course staff, materials, organization, prerequisites and covers topics like circuit components, analysis, active devices, digital circuits and more.

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Beverly Paman
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52 views23 pages

l1 Introduction

This document provides an overview of an introduction to microelectronic circuits course. It discusses the course staff, materials, organization, prerequisites and covers topics like circuit components, analysis, active devices, digital circuits and more.

Uploaded by

Beverly Paman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE40: Introduction to

Microelectronic Circuits
Summer 2004
Alessandro Pinto
[email protected]

Staf
TAs
Wei Mao [email protected]
Renaldi Winoto [email protected]

Reader
Haryanto Kurniawan
[email protected]

Course Material
Main reference
http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee40

Textbook (s)
Electrical Engineering Principles and
Applications by Allan R. Hambley.

Reader available at Copy Central, 2483


Hearst Avenue
Publications
Selected pubs posted on the web

Course Organization
Lectures: 3 x week (20 total)
Labs

Experimenting and verifying


Building a complete system: mixer, tone control,
amplifier, power supply, control

Discussion sessions

More examples, exercise, exams preparation

Homework

Weekly, for a better understanding

Exams

2 midterms, 1 final

Grade

HW: 10%, LAB: 10%, MID: 20%, FINAL: 40%

Table of contents
Circuit components

Resistor, Dependent sources, Operational amplifier

Circuit Analysis

Node, Loop/Mesh, Equivalent circuits


First order circuit

Active devices

CMOS transistor

Digital Circuits

Logic gates, Boolean algebra


Gates design
Minimization

Extra Topics

CAD for electronic circuits

Prerequisites
Math 1B
Physics 7B

Lecture 1
Illustrates the historical background
Electricity
Transistor
Monolithic integration
Moores law

Introduces signals: Analog and Digital

History of EE: Electricity


Hans Christian Oersted s Experiment (1820)

Michael Faradays Experiment (1831)

(Source: Molecular Expression)

Maxwells Equations (1831)

History of EE: Transistor


Collector
J. Bardeen,W. Brattain and W. Shockley, 1939-1947

Base

Emitter

MOSFET

G
S

BJT
B

History of EE: Integration


Resistor
Capacitor

Inductor

Diode

Transistor

Jack S. Kilby (1958)

Monolithic (one piece) circuits: built form


a silicon substrate

Todays Chips: Moores Law


Gordon Moore, 1965

Number of transistor
per square inch doubles
approximately every18 months

Implications

Cost per device halves every 18 months


More transistors on the same area, more complex
and powerful chips
Future chips are very hard to design!!!
Fabrication cost is becoming prohibitive

Todays Chips: An Example


P4 300mm
2.4 Ghz,wafer,
1.5V, 90nm
131mm2
90nm transistor (Intel)

Hair size (1024px)

Signals: Analog vs. Digital


g(t)

f(t)

Analog: Analogous to some physical


quantity

Digital: can be represented using


a finite number of digits

Example of Analog Signal

Voltage (V)

A (440Hz) piano key stroke

Time (s)

Properties:
Dynamic range: maxV minV
Frequency: number of cycles in one second

Analog Circuits
It is an electronic subsystem which
operates entirely on analog signals

i(t)

Amplifier

o(t)

o(t) = K i(t)

Digital Circuits
It is an electronic subsystem which
operates entirely on numbers (using, for
instance, binary representation)
a
b

1-bit
Adder

sum

a
0

b
0

sum
0

carry
0

carry

Encoding of Digital Signals


We use binary digits
Two values: {0 , 1}

Positional system
Encoded by two voltage levels
+1.5 V 1 , 0 V 0
+1.5 V

5 101

1
threshold
0V

noise margin

+1.5 V
0V
+1.5 V

Why Digital?
Digital signals are easy and cheap to
store
Digital signals are insensible to noise
Boolean algebra can be used to
represent, manipulate, minimize logic
functions
Digital signal processing is easier and
relatively less expensive than analog
signal processing

Digital Representation of Analog Signals


Problem: represent f(t) using a finite
number of binary digits
Example: A key stroke using 6 bits
Only 64 possible values, hence not all
values can be represented

Quantization error: due to finite


number of digits
Time sampling: time is continuous but
we want a finite sequence of numbers

Digital Representation of Analog Signals


f(t)

Dynamic Range: [-30,30] V


Precision: 5 V

Sampling

1011
0100
0101
0110
0001
0010
1001
1100
0100
0011
0010
0011

Result

1100
1011
1010
1001
1000
0111
0110
0101
0100
0011
0010
0001
0000

Quantization

-5V
-10V
-15V
-20V
-25V
-30V

Digital Representation of Logic Functions


Boolean Algebra:
Variables can take values 0 or 1 (true or
false)
Operators on variables:
a AND b
a OR b
NOT b

ab
a+b
b

Any logic expression can be built using


these basic logic functions
Example: exclusive OR

Full Adder Example


a
b

1-bit
Adder

sum

a
0

b
0

sum
0

carry
0

carry

Summary
Analog signals are representation of
physical quantities
Digital signals are less sensible to noise
than analog signals
Digital signals can represent analog
signals with arbitrary precision (at the
expense of digital circuit cost)
Boolean algebra is a powerful
mathematical tool for manipulating
digital circuits

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