Waves and Sound: Younes Sina
Waves and Sound: Younes Sina
Waves and Sound: Younes Sina
Sina
Chapter 16
classificationof waves :
Mechanical
Electromagnetic
Mechanical wavesrequire matter for their transmission.
Sound waves, ocean waves, and waves on a guitar
string are examples.Air, water, and metal string are
their media (matter), respectively.
Electromagnetic wavescan travel both
invacuumandmatter. If light (a wave itself) could not
travel in vacuum, we would not see the Sun. Light is an
electromagnetic wave. Radio waves, ultraviolet waves,
and infrared waves are all electromagnetic waves and
travel in vacuum.
Foralongitudinal wavethedisturbancedirection
isparallelto the propagation direction. Waves on a slinky
as well as sound waves are longitudinal.
Frequency ( f ):
Frequency ( f )
The number of full waveforms generated per second.
The SI unit for frequency is (1/s), or (s-1), called "Hertz
(Hz).
Period ( T ):
Period is the number of seconds per waveform, or the
number of seconds per oscillation.
T=1/f
Relationbetween frequency (f) and the angular speed
():
= 2 f
is thenumber ofradians per second
fis thenumber ofturns per second
Each turn is2radians
Wave Speed ( v )
The wave speed is the distance a wave travels per
second.
v = f
e:
eed of sound waves at STP conditions is 331 m/s.
te the wavelength of a sound wave with a frequency of 1324 Hz
n:
= v/f
1m/s)/(1324/s)=0.250 m
Example:
In a 60.0-cm long violin string, three
antinodes are observed. Find the
wavelength of the waves on it.
Solution:
(a)=M / L
=(0.480x10-3 kg)/1.20 m =4.00x10-4kg/m
(b)v =(F/)1/2
v =(400N/4.00x10-4kg/m)1/2=1000m/s
(c)v = f =v / f
=(1000 m/s)/(2083/s)= 0.480 m
(1/2) = 0.480 m/2 = 0.240 m
The number of (/2)'s that fit in the string length of 120 cm
is 1.20 m/0.240 m
=5.00
Resonance
"The phenomenon of making a body vibrate with its
natural frequency under
the influence of another vibrating body having the same
frequency is called RESONANCE
Two oscillatory (periodic) motions have the same period (or
frequency) and
are also in phase.
In physics,resonanceis the tendency of a system to
oscillate with greater amplitude at some frequencies than
at others. Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a
relative maximum are known as the resonancefrequencies.
1)Closed Pipes:
At theclosed endof a closed pipe,only a nodecan form,
because the air molecules (inside the pipe) that transmit
sound waves have to bounce off the closed end after
collision.
They have to come to stop before bouncing off. Coming to
stop meanszero state of oscillationat that closed end
that results innode formation.
L1 = 1 /4
L3 = 3 /4
L5 = 5 /4
L7 = 7 /4
For a closed pipe, resonance occurs when the pipe's length is an odd multiple of ( /4 )
Pipes:
pipeis open at both ends;therefore,both ends must form antino
to be "in resonance."
length must be an even multiple of(/4) for resonance.
L1 = 2 /4
L3 = 4 /4
L5 = 6 /4
L7 = 8 /4
Case (5) is when both observer and
source are moving, either approaching or
receding.
1) Denom.<Numerator fo > fs
2) Denom.>Numerator fo < fs
3) Denom.<Numerator fo > fs
4) Denom.>Numerator fo < fs
5) Choose (+) and (-)
signs that make sense
vv
fo fs (
)
v vs
vv
f f(
)
v vs
vv
f f(
)
vv
vv
f f(
)
v vs
Example :
Ifan ambulance with its siren on at a frequency of1350
Hzis approaching you at a speed of 33.1 m/s at STP
conditions,calculate
(a) the frequency you hear.
(b) If you are driving at a speed of 16.55 m/s toward the
coming ambulance, what frequency do you hear?
(c) If you are driving at a speed of 16.55 m/s away from
the moving ambulance,what frequency do you hear?
(d) What frequency do you hear when the ambulance
passes your car and continues in front of you?
(e) What frequency do you hear if both of you and the
ambulance stop?
a
c
d
b
Solution:
(a) Case1:fo=fs[ (Vo)/(V-Vs) ] o
s
fo= 1350Hz[(331 + 0)/( 331-33.1 )]= 1500 Hz
v
f f(
)
v vs
vv
f o fs (
)
v vs
vv
fo fs (
)
v vs
vv
f f(
)
v vs