Waves and Sound: Younes Sina

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Younes

Sina

Chapter 16

Waves and Sound

A wave is the motion of a disturbance in a medium.


The medium for ocean waves is water.
When a string, fixed at both ends, is given a vertical hit by
a stick, a dent appears in it that travels along the string.
When it reaches an end point, it reflects and inverts and
travels toward the other end. The following figure shows
the motion of a single disturbance.

classificationof waves :
Mechanical
Electromagnetic
Mechanical wavesrequire matter for their transmission.
Sound waves, ocean waves, and waves on a guitar
string are examples.Air, water, and metal string are
their media (matter), respectively.
Electromagnetic wavescan travel both
invacuumandmatter. If light (a wave itself) could not
travel in vacuum, we would not see the Sun. Light is an
electromagnetic wave. Radio waves, ultraviolet waves,
and infrared waves are all electromagnetic waves and
travel in vacuum.

Wavesare also classified as:


Transverse
Longitudinal
Foratransverse wavethedisturbancedirection
isperpendicularto the propagation direction.
Water waves are transverse. Waves on guitar strings are
also transverse.

Foralongitudinal wavethedisturbancedirection
isparallelto the propagation direction. Waves on a slinky
as well as sound waves are longitudinal.

Frequency ( f ):
Frequency ( f )
The number of full waveforms generated per second.
The SI unit for frequency is (1/s), or (s-1), called "Hertz
(Hz).
Period ( T ):
Period is the number of seconds per waveform, or the
number of seconds per oscillation.
T=1/f
Relationbetween frequency (f) and the angular speed
():
= 2 f
is thenumber ofradians per second
fis thenumber ofturns per second
Each turn is2radians

gth ( )is the distance between two successive points on a wave


me state of oscillation.

PointsAandBin the above Figureare the nearest or


successive points that are both the same amount passed the
maximum and therefore in the same state of oscillation.

At the followingFigurethe distance between any node


and the anti-node next to it is /4.

Wave Speed ( v )
The wave speed is the distance a wave travels per
second.

v = f

e:
eed of sound waves at STP conditions is 331 m/s.
te the wavelength of a sound wave with a frequency of 1324 Hz

n:

= v/f
1m/s)/(1324/s)=0.250 m

The Vibrating String


Nodesare points ofzero oscillationandantinodesare
points ofmaximum oscillation as shown infollowing
Figure.

Example:
In a 60.0-cm long violin string, three
antinodes are observed. Find the
wavelength of the waves on it.

Solution:Each loop has a length of


(60.0cm/3)=20.0 cm.
Each wavelength (a full sine wave)
contains two of such loops;therefore,
= 40.0 cm

Speed of Waves in a Stretched String:

d of waves in a stretched string depends on thetensionFin the


emass per unit length,,of the string as explained below:
a string is stretched, the faster waves travel in it.
ula that relatestension Fin the string and thewaves speed,v,i

mass per unit length

Example :A 120-cm guitar string is under a tension of 400


N. The mass of the string is 0.480 grams. Calculate
(a) the mass per unit length of the string and
(b) the speed of waves in it
(c) In a diagram show the number of(1/2) that appear in
this string if it is oscillating at a frequency of 2083 Hz.

Solution:
(a)=M / L
=(0.480x10-3 kg)/1.20 m =4.00x10-4kg/m
(b)v =(F/)1/2
v =(400N/4.00x10-4kg/m)1/2=1000m/s
(c)v = f =v / f
=(1000 m/s)/(2083/s)= 0.480 m
(1/2) = 0.480 m/2 = 0.240 m
The number of (/2)'s that fit in the string length of 120 cm
is 1.20 m/0.240 m
=5.00

Resonance
"The phenomenon of making a body vibrate with its
natural frequency under
the influence of another vibrating body having the same
frequency is called RESONANCE
Two oscillatory (periodic) motions have the same period (or
frequency) and
are also in phase.
In physics,resonanceis the tendency of a system to
oscillate with greater amplitude at some frequencies than
at others. Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a
relative maximum are known as the resonancefrequencies.

The Resonance of Sound Waves in Pipes:


Frommusicpoint of view,a pipe open at both endsis
called an"open pipe".

A pipe, closed at one end only, is called a"closed pipe.

Sound waves are longitudinal (their disturbance direction


is parallel to their propagation direction). In pipes,sound
wavesoscillateparallel to the pipe's length.

1)Closed Pipes:
At theclosed endof a closed pipe,only a nodecan form,
because the air molecules (inside the pipe) that transmit
sound waves have to bounce off the closed end after
collision.
They have to come to stop before bouncing off. Coming to
stop meanszero state of oscillationat that closed end
that results innode formation.

At theopen endof a closed pipe;however,bothnodes and


antinodesare possible toformdepending on the wavelength of

L1 = 1 /4

L3 = 3 /4

L5 = 5 /4

L7 = 7 /4

For a closed pipe, resonance occurs when the pipe's length is an odd multiple of ( /4 )

Pipes:
pipeis open at both ends;therefore,both ends must form antino
to be "in resonance."
length must be an even multiple of(/4) for resonance.

L1 = 2 /4

L3 = 4 /4

L5 = 6 /4

L7 = 8 /4

For an open pipe, resonance occurs when pipe's length is an even


multiple of (/4 ).

The Speed of Sound in a Gas:


The speed of sound in a medium is a function of the
physical properties of that
medium.The speed of sound in a gasisa function of:
gastemperature
v(T)=[331+0.6T]m/sT(inoC)
Pressure
Example :
density
A tuning fork oscillating at a rate of 686 Hz is brought
close to the open end of a
closed tube in a room at a certain temperature.The tube's
length is changed from 0.0 to 40.0 cm and two resonances
(load sounds) are heard:
the first one, at a tube length of 12.5 cm, and next, at a
tube length of 37.5 cm.
Calculate the speed of sound at that temperature.

The smallest length of a closed pipe for resonance is/4.


The first resonance length of 12.5 cm means/4= 12.5
cm.
The second resonance occurring at a length of 37.5 cm
means 3/4= 37.5 cm
/4= 12.5 cm
= 4(12.5cm) =50.0 cm
3/4= 37.5cm
= (4/3)(37.5 cm)
=50.0 cm

Getting the same results should not be surprising because


they are both measurements of the same thing.
Knowingand the frequency of the waves:f =686 Hz, the
sound speed atthat temperatureis
v= f
vsound=[686 (1/s)] (0.500m) =343m/s
Speed of sound at STP conditions(0oCand1atm pressure)

The Doppler Effect:


When an ambulance is approaching us, a higher pitch
sound is heard than when it is going away from us. The
reason is that when the sound source is moving toward
us, more number of wavelengths per second arrive at
our ears than when it is at rest. When the sound source
(ambulance) is going away from us,less number of
wavelengths arrive at our ears than when the source
(ambulance) is at rest.

Five cases for the frequency heard by the


observer:

Cases (1) and (2) are when the observer


is at rest and the source is approaching
or receding.

Cases (3) and (4) are when the source is


at rest and the observer is approaching or
going away.


Case (5) is when both observer and
source are moving, either approaching or
receding.

fo=the frequency heard by the


observer
fsis the frequency of the sound
source
vsis the speed of the source
vois the speed of the observer
vis the speed of sound in the
medium.

1) Denom.<Numerator fo > fs

2) Denom.>Numerator fo < fs

3) Denom.<Numerator fo > fs

4) Denom.>Numerator fo < fs
5) Choose (+) and (-)
signs that make sense

Case 5: Ifboth the observer and the source are


approaching,the highest possible frequency is heard. To
make the fraction the greatest,chose the (+) in the
numerator and the (-) in the denominator.
o
S

vv
fo fs (
)
v vs

Ifboth the observer and the source are receding, the


lowest possible frequency is heard. To make the fraction
the least,chose the (-) in the numerator and the (+) in
o
the denominator.
o
s
S
O

vv
f f(
)
v vs

vv
f f(
)
vv

If the source is chasing the observer,choose (-) in the


o
numerator and (-) in the denominator.
o
s
S
O
s

vv
f f(
)
v vs

If the observer is chasing the source,choose (+) in the


o
numerator
and
(+)
in
the
denominator.
O
S
o
s

Example :
Ifan ambulance with its siren on at a frequency of1350
Hzis approaching you at a speed of 33.1 m/s at STP
conditions,calculate
(a) the frequency you hear.
(b) If you are driving at a speed of 16.55 m/s toward the
coming ambulance, what frequency do you hear?
(c) If you are driving at a speed of 16.55 m/s away from
the moving ambulance,what frequency do you hear?
(d) What frequency do you hear when the ambulance
passes your car and continues in front of you?
(e) What frequency do you hear if both of you and the
ambulance stop?

a
c

d
b

Solution:
(a) Case1:fo=fs[ (Vo)/(V-Vs) ] o
s
fo= 1350Hz[(331 + 0)/( 331-33.1 )]= 1500 Hz

v
f f(
)
v vs

(b) Case5, source & observer moving toward each


other:fo=fs[(V + Vo)/(V-Vs)]= 1575 Hz
o

vv
f o fs (
)
v vs

(c) Case5, source chasing the observer:fo=fs[(V-Vo)/(Vo


Vs)] = 1425 Hz

vv
fo fs (
)
v vs

vv
f f(
)
v vs

(d) Case5, observer chasing the source:fo=fs[(Vo + Vo)/(V +


o
s
Vs)]= 1290Hz

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