History of Mobile Communications

Evolution of Mobile/Wireless
Communications Systems
Overview
Major Mobile Radio Systems
1934 - Police Radio uses conventional AM mobile communication
system.
1935 - Edwin Armstrong demonstrate FM
1946 - First public mobile telephone service - push-to-talk
1960 - Improved Mobile Telephone Service, IMTS - full duplex
1960 - Bell Lab introduce the concept of Cellular mobile system
1968 - AT&T propose the concept of Cellular mobile system to
FCC.
1976 - Bell Mobile Phone service, poor service due to call blocking
1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), FDMA, FM
1991 - Global System for Mobile (GSM), TDMA, GMSK
1991 - U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) IS-54, TDMA, DQPSK
1993 - IS-95, CDMA, QPSK, BPSK
History of Mobile Communications
2/10/15
Overview
1994 E-Netz in Germany
GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells
As Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)
1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area
Network)
ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4
(17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11

IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
already many (proprietary) products available in the
beginning
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Overview
1998 Specification of GSM successors
for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System) as European proposals for IMT-2000

Iridium
66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile
phone
1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s
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Overview
Decision about IMT-2000
Several members of a family: UMTS,
cdma2000, DECT,
Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-
mode
First step towards a unified Internet/mobile
communicaiton system
Access to many services via the mobile phone
2000 GSM with higher data rates
HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet
oriented!)
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Overview
UMTS auctions/beauty contests
Hype followed by disillusionment (50 B$ payed in
Germany for 6 licenses!)
2001 Start of 3G systems

Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS tests in Europe, Foma
(almost UMTS) in Japan
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1G Wireless Systems
Developed in 1980s and completed in early 1990s
1G was old analog system and supported the 1st
generation of analog cell phones speed up to

2.4kbps
Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country
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1G Wireless Systems
1G Example Networks
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was used in
theNorth AmericaandAustralia
800 MHz frequency range two 20 MHz bands
Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)

Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland
Launched 1981; now largely retired
450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)
Total Access Communications System (TACS)
British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985
Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe
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2G Wireless Systems
Fielded in the late 1980s and finished in the late
1990s
Planned for voice transmission with digital signal
and the speeds up to 64kbps
2G is the digital system that we are using even
today
2.5G, with packet switching supports data
transmission over General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS)
Many 2G system uses Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) and few use Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA)
Digital systems
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2G Wireless Systems
Technology to increase capacity
Speech compression; digital signal processing
Intelligent Network concepts
Improve fraud prevention
Add new services
Higher data-rate transmission modes for services beyond
speech: HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE
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2G Wireless Systems
Example 2G Networks
IS(Interim Standard)-54/ IS-136 North American
TDMA;
PDC (Personal Digital Cellular in Japan)
iDEN (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network ),
Motorolla USA
DECT(Digital European Cordless Telephony)
PHS(Personal Handiphone Service)
IS-95 North American Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) - cdmaOne
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
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3G Wireless Systems
Developed in the late 1990s until present day
Japan is the first country having introduced 3G
nationally, and in Japan the transition to 3G was

largely completed during 2005/2006
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3G Wireless Systems
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3G Wireless Systems
Services include:
Global roaming
Superior voice quality and video conference
Data always, addon services (e-mail, personal
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organizer, etc.)
Information for web surfing, music, news,
corporate intranet, transportation service etc.
Purchasing on-line shopping / banking, ticketing,
gambling, games, etc.
Service focus (e.g., Multimedia)
Convergence of Fixed and Mobile Networks
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3G Wireless Systems
Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps
In 2005, 3G was ready to live up to its performance in
computer networking (WCDMA, WLAN and Bluetooth)

and mobile devices area (cell phone and GPS)
Packet switching
CDMA is used in many 3G system
Examples Networks:
UMTS
CDMA2000
EDGE (Mostly reported as 2.75G but fulfills the requirement
for 3G )
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4G Wireless Systems
Addresses future needs of a high speed wireless
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network
It offers both cellular and broadband multimedia
services everywhere
Be based on an all-IP packet switched network
Be able to dynamically share and use the network
resources to support more simultaneous users per
cell.
Using scalable channel bandwidths of 520 MHz,
optionally up to 40 MHz
Was expected to emerge around 2012 2015
Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks
Provide very smooth global roaming at a lower cost
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4G Wireless Systems
To deliver 100mbps to a roaming mobile device globally, and up
to 1Gbps to a stationary/low mobility device.

Allows for video conferencing, streaming picture perfect video
(i.e. tele-medicine, tele-geo processing application etc.)
Brings almost perfect real world wireless or called WWWW:
World Wide Wireless Web
Have peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink,
and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the

downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).
System spectral efficiency is, in indoor case, 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in
downlink and 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell in uplink.

The ability to offer high quality of service for next generation
multimedia support.
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4G Wireless Systems
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4G Wireless Systems
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Features of 5G Wireless Systems

Wireless communication with almost no limitation
Also called REAL wireless world
Packet switched wireless system with wide area
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coverage and high throughput

Uses OFDM
Enables data rate of 200 mbps
Uses frequency band of 2-8 G Hz
Accommodate QoS rate requirement in 4G for its
further development
Flexible channel bandwidth between 5-20 MHz
Data rate of 1Gbps between any two points in the
world
2/10/15

Mobile IPv6 - where a visiting care-of mobile IP
address is assigned according to location and

connected network
Wearable
devices
with
Artificial
Intelligence
capabilities such as smart watches and optical

head-mounted displays for augmented reality
One unified global standard
Li-Fi - a massive MIMO visible light communication
network to advance 5G. Li-Fi uses light-emitting

diodes to transmit data, rather than radio waves
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like Wi-Fi.
2/10/15

Cognitive radio technology
Advanced interference and mobility management
Dynamic
Ad
hoc
Wireless
Networks
(DAWN)
essentially identical to Mobile ad hoc network

(MANET), Wireless mesh network (WMN) or wireless
grids, combined with smart antennas, cooperative
diversity and flexible modulation
Vandermonde-subspace
frequency
division
multiplexing (VFDM): a modulation scheme to allow

the co-existence of macro-cells and cognitive radio
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small-cells in a two-tiered LTE/4G network
5G Radio Access Infrastructure
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The Evolution
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The Evolution
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Technology Trends
Advances in Technology
More computing power in smaller devices
Flat, lightweight displays with low power
consumption
User interfaces suitable for small dimensions
Higher bandwidths
Multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs,
wireless WANs, home RF, Bluetooth
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Technology Trends
New Electronic Computing Devices
small, cheap, portable, replaceable and most
important of all USABLE!

Technology Trends
devices are aware of their environment and adapt
- location awareness
devices recognize the location of the user and
react appropriately (e.g., call forwarding, fax
forwarding)
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Technology Trends
Improved radio technology and antennas
smart antennas, beam forming, multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO)
space division multiplex to increase capacity, benefit
from multipath
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software defined radios (SDR)

use of different air interfaces, download new
modulation/coding/...
requires a lot of processing power (UMTS RF 10000 GIPS)
dynamic spectrum allocation

spectrum on demand results in higher overall capacity
2/10/15
Technology Trends
Core network convergence

IP-based, quality of service, mobile IP
Ad-hoc technologies
spontaneous communication, power saving, redundancy
Simple and open service platform

intelligence at the edge, not in the network (as with IN)
more service providers, not network operators only
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Technology Trends
Mobile Devices
BT
Cellular
FM/XM
GPS
DVB-H
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Apps
Processor
WLAN
Media
Processor
Wimax
2/10/15
Overlay Networks
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Potential Problems
Quality of service
Todays Internet is best-effort
Integrated services did not work out
Differentiated service have to prove scalability and
manageability
What about the simplicity of the Internet? DoS attacks on
QoS?
Internet protocols are well known

also to attackers, hackers, intruders
security by obscurity does not really work, however,
closed systems provide some protection
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Potential Problems
Reliability, maintenance
Open question if Internet technology is really cheaper as
soon as high reliability (99.9999%) is required plus all
features are integrated
Missing charging models

Charging by technical parameters (volume, time) is not
reasonable
Pay-per-application may make much more sense
Killer application? There is no single killer application!

Choice of services and seamless access to networks
determine the success
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END
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Evolution of Mobile/Wireless