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Unit 7

This document discusses the history of leadership thought through 10 eras: 1) Personality Era focused on identifying innate leader traits. 2) Influence Era viewed leadership as social influence and persuasion. 3) Behavior Era emphasized observable leader actions and follower rewards. 4) Situation Era incorporated environmental/group factors into leadership. 5) Contingency Era proposed that the most effective leadership depends on the situation. 6) Transactional Era developed the exchange relationship between leaders and followers. 7) Anti-Leadership Era questioned the impact of leaders on organizational performance. 8) Culture Era saw leaders as creators and maintainers of organizational culture. 9) Transformational Era focused on how leaders

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52 views54 pages

Unit 7

This document discusses the history of leadership thought through 10 eras: 1) Personality Era focused on identifying innate leader traits. 2) Influence Era viewed leadership as social influence and persuasion. 3) Behavior Era emphasized observable leader actions and follower rewards. 4) Situation Era incorporated environmental/group factors into leadership. 5) Contingency Era proposed that the most effective leadership depends on the situation. 6) Transactional Era developed the exchange relationship between leaders and followers. 7) Anti-Leadership Era questioned the impact of leaders on organizational performance. 8) Culture Era saw leaders as creators and maintainers of organizational culture. 9) Transformational Era focused on how leaders

Uploaded by

Jason Dawson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Defining Leadership

Leadership
Leadership;
Example

of leaders;

Conventional Examples of Strong


Leaders

Components
A process

of influence;

Sanctioned

Leaders

and followers;

Voluntary

Goal

influence;

surrender control

oriented context

Leadership v.s. management


Leadership

is a managerial task;
Management is leadership applied to business
situations;
an effective manager should possess leadership
skills, and an effective leader should
demonstrate management skills.

Management

involves power by position.


Leadership involves power by influence.
managers concerned themselves with tasks
while leaders concerned themselves with
people.

Managers Versus Leaders


Managers

Are appointed to their position

Can influence people only to


the extent of the formal
authority of their position

Do not necessarily have the


skills and capabilities to be
leaders

Leaders

Are appointed or emerge


from within a work group

Can influence other


people and have
managerial authority

Do not necessarily have


the skills and capabilities
to be managers

Leadership is the process of influencing a


group toward the achievement of goals.

Definition
The

use of noncoercive influence to direct and


coordinate the activities of the members of an
organized group toward the accomplishment of
group objectives
The process

The importance
Goal-directed
Generating

functions

and maintaining the required

effort;
Directing and coordinating the effort;
Attracting new followers;
Symbolic

function

Representing

Focal

the group or organization;

point
Heroic, large-than-life value

The transactional model

Three forces
Followers
Interaction

Situation
leader

and exchange between;

Leadership

Questions
Who do you consider leaders in your
school?
What do you think makes someone an
effective leader? Which of those qualities do you
have?

Factors Affecting
Leadership Style

Leadership style
The

way in which a leader uses


power to lead others determines
his or her leadership style.

Types of Leadership Style


Autocratic:

Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone


else
High degree of dependency on the leader
Can create de-motivation and alienation
of staff
May be valuable in some types of business where
decisions need to be made quickly and decisively

Authoritarian (autocratic)
Decision

maker?
Consulting employees?
Question: How might an autocratic
sales manager do with quota?

Types of Leadership Style


Democratic:
Encourages

decision making
from different perspectives leadership may be
emphasised throughout
the organisation

Types of Leadership Style


Democratic:
May

help motivation and involvement


Workers feel ownership of the firm and its ideas
Improves the sharing of ideas
and experiences within the business
Can delay decision making

Participative (democratic)
Decision

maker?
Consulting employees?
E.g. How will a democratic sales
manager do with quota?

Types of Leadership Style


Laissez-Faire (free rein) :
The leadership responsibilities
are shared by all
Can be very useful in businesses
where creative ideas are important
Can be highly motivational,
as people have control over their working life
Can make coordination and decision making
time-consuming and lacking in overall direction
Relies on good team work
Relies on good interpersonal relations

free rein
Decision

maker?

Analysis
Make

an analysis of the former


CEOs of AT&T. What are their
leadership styles? Why do they take
such a style?

Four factors affect leadership style

people
the

job
management support
personal characteristics

People
The performance levels & expectations
Employees with high
Employees with low
expectations
expectations
Work-centered;
People-centered
Autocratic
Democratic
Close
To work on their
supervision
own

people
How

to motivate people?
Satisfy the need of people with
different kinds of leadership
style

Hierarchy of need
--Abraham maslow

Pursue inner talent


Achievement
mastery
recognition
respect

self-actualization
Self-esteem

Friends family
spouse lover

belonging-love
Security stability
freedom from fear

safety
physiological

Food water shelter


warmth

people
Different

kind of motivation

Question
But

how about when your


employees have various
needs?

The

job

Compare:

which leadership style is


more efficient, democratic or
autocratic?
Urgent or not
Analysis or coordination;
Uncertainty or certainty

Management Support
The

reward system
The approval and support of
higher management

The Reward System


Short-run

reward system authoritarian

leadership
Long-run reward systemmore
democratic leadership

Examples :
Koppers corporations incentive program
base on a three-year period performance.
Phillips Petroleums two separate incentive
program.

The approval and support


of higher
management
People-oriented leader
Autocratic

leader

Personal characteristics
Question
What

characteristics should a leader has?


Suggest you are a nonmanagerial
employee what kind of character of the
leader do you like most?

Some important
characteristics
Sincerity
Knowledge
Need

to be accepted

Would you like an insincerity person to


be your leader?
A silent

tongue and true heart are the


most admirable things on earth.

-----proverb
Insincerity is a stumbling block of the
management. An insincerity leader cant
make the job go smoothly.
But sincerity is opposite.

Is a knowledgeable leader
useful?
If

a leader lack of knowledge, is he


competent?
Should a leader is more knowledgeable
than his employees?

Should the leader be lonely?


Many

managers complain about the


loneliness of the leadership.

Summarization
It

s, of course, vital to recognize that no


leadership style is correct, and that style is
always dependent upon the particular
situation, and the nature and culture of the
organization

Question
Which

leadership style is the best one?


When facing extremely easy and extremely
difficult situation, which leadership style is
suitable?
When facing moderately difficult situations?

The History of Leadership


Thought

Ten streams of leadership thought


Personality

Era
Influence Era
Behavior Era
Situation Era
Contingency Era

Ten streams of leadership thought


Transactional

Era
Anti-Leadership Era
Culture Era
Transformational Era
Integrative Era

Personality Era
Leaders

are born, not made.


The qualities essential for leadership could not
be taught.
Research focused on identifying personal
characteristics that differentiated leaders from
nonleaders was unsuccessful.

Influence Era
Leadership

was considered as influence over


others, through power and persuasion.

Behavior Era
Leaders actions

was important

and rewarding of followers

Situation Era
Social

status and group, environmental, and


sociotechnical influences on the leader are
brought into the analysis of leader
effectiveness.

Contingency Era
The

most appropriate leader behavior was


contingent on the situation.

Transactional Era
The

exchange relationship between leader and


members, that is, their agreed-upon roles, rewards,
and interaction, was more fully developed in this era.
Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the
direction of established goals by clarifying role and
task requirements.

Anti-Leadership Era
Authors

questioned whether leaders made a


difference to the performance of organization.
Leaders may be only symbols of organization.
Elements of the leadership could substitute for active
leadership.
Neutralizers and supplements

Culture Era
Leaders

were seen as the creators and


maintainers of an organizations culture.

Transformational Era
The

focus was on how the organizational member was


transformed or changed by the leader.
Leaders

who inspire followers to transcend their


own self-interests for the good of the organization
by clarifying role and task requirements.
Leaders who also are capable of having a
profound and extraordinary effect on their
followers.

Integrative Era
The

streams of leadership thought are coming


together and each major stream will have an
influence on the understanding on leadership
organizations.

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