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Engineering Mechanics: Statics in SI Units, 12e: Equilibrium of A Particle

This chapter discusses particle equilibrium, which occurs when the vector sum of all forces acting on a particle equals zero. It introduces the concept of a free-body diagram to represent all forces acting on a particle. Key aspects covered include using scalar equations to solve for equilibrium in two-dimensional coplanar systems and three-dimensional systems by resolving forces into x, y, z components. Worked examples demonstrate using free-body diagrams and the equations of equilibrium to determine unknown forces in static systems.

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76 views22 pages

Engineering Mechanics: Statics in SI Units, 12e: Equilibrium of A Particle

This chapter discusses particle equilibrium, which occurs when the vector sum of all forces acting on a particle equals zero. It introduces the concept of a free-body diagram to represent all forces acting on a particle. Key aspects covered include using scalar equations to solve for equilibrium in two-dimensional coplanar systems and three-dimensional systems by resolving forces into x, y, z components. Worked examples demonstrate using free-body diagrams and the equations of equilibrium to determine unknown forces in static systems.

Uploaded by

nor shakeela
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Engineering Mechanics:

Statics in SI Units, 12e


3

Equilibrium of a Particle

Chapter Objectives
Concept of the free-body diagram for a particle
Solve particle equilibrium problems using the equations
of equilibrium

Chapter Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.

Condition for the Equilibrium of a Particle


The Free-Body Diagram
Coplanar Systems
Three-Dimensional Force Systems

3.1 Condition for the Equilibrium of a Particle


Particle at equilibrium if
- At rest
- Moving at constant a constant velocity
Newtons first law of motion
F = 0
where F is the vector sum of all the forces acting on
the particle

3.1 Condition for the Equilibrium of a Particle


Newtons second law of motion
F = ma
When the force fulfill Newton's first law of motion,
ma = 0
a=0
therefore, the particle is moving in constant velocity or
at rest

3.2 The Free-Body Diagram


Best representation of all the unknown forces (F)
which acts on a body
A sketch showing the particle free from the
surroundings with all the forces acting on it
Consider two common connections in this subject
Spring
Cables and Pulleys

3.2 The Free-Body Diagram


Spring
Linear elastic spring: change in length is directly
proportional to the force acting on it
spring constant or stiffness k: defines the elasticity
of
the spring
Magnitude of force when spring
is elongated or compressed
F = ks

3.2 The Free-Body Diagram


Cables and Pulley
Cables (or cords) are assumed negligible weight and
cannot stretch
Tension always acts in the direction of the cable
Tension force must have a constant magnitude for
equilibrium
For any angle , the cable
is subjected to a constant tension T

3.2 The Free-Body Diagram


Procedure for Drawing a FBD
1. Draw outlined shape
2. Show all the forces
- Active forces: particle in motion
- Reactive forces: constraints that prevent motion
3. Identify each forces
- Known forces with proper magnitude and direction
- Letters used to represent magnitude and directions

Example 3.1
The sphere has a mass of 6kg and is supported. Draw a
free-body diagram of the sphere, the cord CE and the
knot at C.

Solution
FBD at Sphere
Two forces acting, weight and the
force on cord CE.
Weight of 6kg (9.81m/s2) = 58.9N
Cord CE
Two forces acting: sphere and knot
Newtons 3rd Law:
FCE is equal but opposite
FCE and FEC pull the cord in tension
For equilibrium, FCE = FEC

Solution
FBD at Knot
3 forces acting: cord CBA, cord CE and spring CD
Important to know that the weight of the sphere does not
act directly on the knot but subjected to by the cord CE

3.3 Coplanar Systems


A particle is subjected to coplanar forces in the x-y
plane
Resolve into i and j components for equilibrium
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Scalar equations of equilibrium
require that the algebraic sum
of the x and y components to
equal to zero

3.3 Coplanar Systems


Procedure for Analysis
1. Free-Body Diagram
- Establish the x, y axes
- Label all the unknown and known forces
2. Equations of Equilibrium
- Apply F = ks to find spring force
- When negative result force is the reserve
- Apply the equations of equilibrium
Fx = 0
Fy = 0

Example 3.4
Determine the required length of the cord AC so that the
8kg lamp is suspended. The undeformed length of the
spring AB is lAB = 0.4m, and the spring has a stiffness of
kAB = 300N/m.

Solution
FBD at Point A
Three forces acting, force by cable AC, force in spring AB
and weight of the lamp.
If force on cable AB is known, stretch of the spring is
found by F = ks.
+ Fx = 0; TAB TAC cos30 = 0
+ Fy = 0; TABsin30 78.5N = 0
Solving,
TAC = 157.0kN
TAB = 136.0kN

Solution
TAB = kABsAB; 136.0N = 300N/m(sAB)
sAB = 0.453N
For stretched length,
lAB = lAB+ sAB
lAB = 0.4m + 0.453m
= 0.853m
For horizontal distance BC,
2m = lACcos30 + 0.853m
lAC = 1.32m

3.4 Three-Dimensional Force Systems


For particle equilibrium
F = 0
Resolving into i, j, k components
Fxi + Fyj + Fzk = 0
Three scalar equations representing algebraic sums of
the x, y, z forces
Fxi = 0
Fyj = 0
Fzk = 0

3.4 Three-Dimensional Force Systems


Procedure for Analysis
Free-body Diagram
- Establish the z, y, z axes
- Label all known and unknown force
Equations of Equilibrium
- Apply Fx = 0, Fy = 0 and Fz = 0
- Substitute vectors into F = 0 and set i, j, k
components = 0
- Negative results indicate that the sense of the force is
opposite to that shown in the FBD.

Example 3.7
Determine the force developed in each cable used to
support the 40kN crate.

Solution
FBD at Point A
To expose all three unknown forces in the cables.
Equations of Equilibrium
Expressing each forces in Cartesian vectors,
FB = FB(rB / rB)
= -0.318FBi 0.424FBj + 0.848FBk
FC = FC (rC / rC)
= -0.318FCi 0.424FCj + 0.848FCk
FD = FDi
W = -40k

Solution
For equilibrium,
F = 0; FB + FC + FD + W = 0
-0.318FBi 0.424FBj + 0.848FBk - 0.318FCi
0.424FCj + 0.848FCk + FDi - 40k = 0
Fx = 0; -0.318FB - 0.318FC + FD = 0
Fy = 0; 0.424FB 0.424FC = 0
Fz = 0; 0.848FB + 0.848FC - 40 = 0
Solving,
FB = FC = 23.6kN
FD = 15.0kN

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