Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 101 views

    Fluids

    Uploaded by

    Rafa Martínez
    This document discusses basic fluid mechanics concepts. It defines a fluid as a substance in the gaseous or liquid form that deforms continuously under applied shear stress. It describes the differences between solids and fluids, and classifies different types of flows as compressible or incompressible, laminar or turbulent, internal or external, steady or unsteady. It also discusses important fluid properties like density, viscosity, vapor pressure and surface tension. Key concepts like the no-slip condition, Reynolds number, and equations of state are introduced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Fluids

    Uploaded by

    Rafa Martínez
    101 views26 pages
    This document discusses basic fluid mechanics concepts. It defines a fluid as a substance in the gaseous or liquid form that deforms continuously under applied shear stress. It describes the differences between solids and fluids, and classifies different types of flows as compressible or incompressible, laminar or turbulent, internal or external, steady or unsteady. It also discusses important fluid properties like density, viscosity, vapor pressure and surface tension. Key concepts like the no-slip condition, Reynolds number, and equations of state are introduced.

    Original Description:

    Fluids

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses basic fluid mechanics concepts. It defines a fluid as a substance in the gaseous or liquid form that deforms continuously under applied shear stress. It describes the differences between solids and fluids, and classifies different types of flows as compressible or incompressible, laminar or turbulent, internal or external, steady or unsteady. It also discusses important fluid properties like density, viscosity, vapor pressure and surface tension. Key concepts like the no-slip condition, Reynolds number, and equations of state are introduced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    101 views26 pages

    Fluids

    Uploaded by

    Rafa Martínez
    This document discusses basic fluid mechanics concepts. It defines a fluid as a substance in the gaseous or liquid form that deforms continuously under applied shear stress. It describes the differences between solids and fluids, and classifies different types of flows as compressible or incompressible, laminar or turbulent, internal or external, steady or unsteady. It also discusses important fluid properties like density, viscosity, vapor pressure and surface tension. Key concepts like the no-slip condition, Reynolds number, and equations of state are introduced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 26

    What is a fluid?

    solid

    liquid

    gas

    A fluid is a substance in the gaseous or liquid form


    Distinction between solid and fluid?
    Solid: can resist an applied shear by deforming. Stress is
    proportional to strain
    Fluid: deforms continuously under applied shear. Stress is
    proportional to strain rate
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    What is a fluid?
    A liquid takes the shape of
    the container it is in and
    forms a free surface in the
    presence of gravity
    A gas expands until it
    encounters the walls of the
    container and fills the entire
    available space. Gases
    cannot form a free surface
    Gas and vapor are often
    used as synonymous
    words
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Is the toothpaste a
    fluid?

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Basic Concepts. Viscosity.


    Shear stress for Newtonian fluid: = du/dy. Newtonian vs.
    nonnewtonian fluid
    is the dynamic viscosity and has units of kg/ms, Pas, or poise.
    1 Poiseuille (Pl) = Ns/m2 = Pa*s = 10 Poise (P) = 1000 cP
    water viscosity = 1.002 cP
    is the cinematic viscosity; =and has units of m2/s
    1 m2/s = 10,000 Stokes (St); 1 Stokes (St) = 1 cm2/s
    = (T), while = (T,P) for gases. With T increase , increases in
    case of gases and decreases in case of liquids.
    Solid

    Fluid

    F

    A

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    F
    V

    A
    h

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Viscosity
    Viscosity is a
    property that
    represents the
    internal resistance of
    a fluid to motion.
    The force a flowing
    fluid exerts on a body
    in the flow direction is
    called the drag force,
    and the magnitude of
    this force depends, in
    part, on viscosity.
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    No-slip condition
    No-slip condition: A fluid
    in direct contact with a
    solid ``sticks' to the
    surface due to viscous
    effects
    Responsible for
    generation of wall shear
    stress w, surface drag D=
    w dA, and the
    development of the
    boundary layer
    The fluid property
    responsible for the no-slip
    condition is viscosity
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Classification of Flows.

    Viscous vs. Inviscid.

    Regions of Flow

    Regions where frictional


    effects are significant are
    called viscous regions.
    They are usually close to
    solid surfaces.
    Regions where frictional
    forces are small
    compared to inertial or
    pressure forces are called
    inviscid

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Internal vs. External Flow


    Internal flows are
    dominated by the
    influence of viscosity
    throughout the
    flowfield
    For external flows,
    viscous effects are
    limited to the
    boundary layer and
    wake.
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Compressible vs. Incompressible Flow


    A flow is classified as
    incompressible if the density
    remains nearly constant.
    Liquid flows are typically
    incompressible.
    Gas flows are often
    compressible, especially for
    high speeds.
    Mach number, Ma = V/c is a
    good indicator of whether or
    not compressibility effects are
    important.
    Ma < 0.3 : Incompressible
    Ma < 1 : Subsonic
    Ma = 1 : Sonic
    Ma > 1 : Supersonic
    Ma >> 1 : Hypersonic

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow


    Laminar: highly ordered
    fluid motion with smooth
    streamlines.
    Turbulent: highly
    disordered fluid motion
    characterized by velocity
    fluctuations and eddies.
    Transitional: a flow that
    contains both laminar and
    turbulent regions
    Reynolds number, Re=
    UL/ is the key
    parameter in determining
    whether or not a flow is
    laminar or turbulent.
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    10

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Steady vs. Unsteady Flow


    Steady implies no change at
    a point with time.
    Unsteady is the opposite of
    steady.
    Transient usually describes a
    starting, or developing flow.
    Periodic refers to a flow which
    oscillates about a mean.

    Unsteady flows may appear


    steady if time-averaged

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    11

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows


    Velocity vector, U(x,y,z,t)= [Ux(x,y,z,t),Uy(x,y,z,t),Uz(x,y,z,t)]
    Lower dimensional flows reduce complexity of analytical and
    computational solution
    Change in coordinate system (cylindrical, spherical, etc.) may
    facilitate reduction in order.
    Example: for fully-developed pipe flow, velocity V(r) is a function of
    radius r and pressure p(z) is a function of distance z along the pipe.

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    12

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    System and Control Volume


    A system is defined
    as a quantity of
    matter or a region in
    space chosen for
    study.
    A closed system
    consists of a fixed
    amount of mass.
    An open system, or
    control volume, is a
    properly selected
    region in space.
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    13

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Density and Specific Gravity


    Density is defined as the mass per unit volume = m/V.
    Density has units of kg/m3
    Specific volume is defined as v = 1/= V/m.
    For a gas, density depends on temperature and
    pressure.
    Specific gravity, or relative density is defined as the
    ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some
    standard substance at a specified temperature (usually
    water at 4C), i.e., SG=/H20. SG is a dimensionless
    quantity.
    The specific weight is defined as the weight per unit
    volume, i.e., s = g where g is the gravitational
    acceleration. s has units of N/m3.
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    14

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Density of Ideal Gases


    Equation of State: equation for the relationship
    between pressure, temperature, and density.
    The simplest and best-known equation of state
    is the ideal-gas equation.
    Pv=RT

    or

    P = R T

    Ideal-gas equation holds for most gases.


    However, dense gases such as water vapor and
    refrigerant vapor should not be treated as ideal
    gases. Tables should be consulted for their
    properties.
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    15

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Vapor Pressure and Cavitation


    Vapor Pressure Pv is defined
    as the pressure exerted by its
    vapor in phase equilibrium
    with its liquid at a given
    temperature
    If P drops below Pv, liquid is
    locally vaporized, creating
    cavities of vapor.
    Vapor cavities collapse when
    local P rises above Pv.
    Collapse of cavities is a
    violent process which can
    damage machinery.
    Cavitation is noisy, and can
    cause structural vibrations.
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    16

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Viscosity. Couette flow: a fluid layer between two


    very large parallel plates separated by a distance
    Definition of shear stress is =
    F/A.
    Using the no-slip condition,
    u(0) = 0 and u() = V, the velocity
    profile and gradient are u(y)=
    Vy/ and du/dy=V/
    Shear stress for Newtonian fluid:
    = du/dy

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    17

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Problem
    Two parallel plates, one moving at 4 m/s and
    the other fixed, are separated by a 5-mmthick layer of oil of specific gravity 0.80 and
    kinematic viscosity 1.25 E-4 m2/s. What is
    the average shear stress in the oil?

    Significant Digits
    Engineers must be aware of the proper use of numbers.
    Significant digits : Digits that are relevant and meaningful. When
    performing calculations, the final result is only as precise as the
    least precise parameter in the problem. When the number of
    significant digits is unknown, the accepted standard is 3. Use 3 in
    all homework and exams.

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    19

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Viscometry
    How is viscosity measured? A rotating
    viscometer.
    Two concentric cylinders with a fluid in
    the small gap .
    Inner cylinder is rotating, outer one is
    fixed.

    Use definition of shear force:

    du
    F A A
    dy

    If /R << 1, then cylinders can be


    modeled as flat plates.
    Torque T = FR, and tangential velocity
    V=R
    Wetted surface area A=2RL.
    Measure T and to compute

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    20

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Problem
    The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a
    viscometer constructed of two 75-cm-long
    concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of the
    inner cylinder is 15 cm, and the gap between the
    two cylinders is 0.12 cm. The inner cylinder is
    rotated at 200 rpm, and the torque is measured
    to be 0.8 Nm. Determine the viscosity of the
    fluid.

    Surface Tension
    Liquid droplets behave like small
    spherical balloons filled with
    liquid, and the surface of the
    liquid acts like a stretched elastic
    membrane under tension.
    The pulling force that causes this
    is
    due to the attractive forces
    between molecules
    called surface tension s.

    Attractive force on surface


    molecule is not symmetric.
    Repulsive forces from interior
    molecules causes the liquid to
    minimize its surface area and
    attain a spherical shape.
    =l
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    22

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Problem
    A solid cylindrical needle of diameter d, length L,
    and density may float on a liquid surface.
    Neglect buoyancy and assume a contact angle of
    0. Calculate the maximum diameter needle able
    to float on the surface for steel needle (SG=7.84)
    in water at 20C (Y=0.073 N/m)

    Problem
    The hydrogen bubbles have diameter of 0.01
    mm. Assume a hydrogen-water interface at 30C
    (surface tension coefficient is 0.0712 N/m). What
    is the excess pressure within the bubble?

    Capillary Effect
    Capillary effect is the rise
    or fall of a liquid in a smalldiameter tube.
    The curved free surface in
    the tube is call the
    meniscus.
    Water meniscus curves up
    because water is a wetting
    fluid.
    Mercury meniscus curves
    down because mercury is a
    nonwetting fluid.
    Force balance can
    describe magnitude of
    capillary rise.
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    25

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Problem
    The system is used to estimate the pressure in the tank
    by measuring the 15-cm height of liquid in the 1-mmdiameter tube. The fluid is at 60C. Calculate the true
    fluid height in the tube and the per cent error due to
    capillarity if the fluid is (a) water (specific gravity of 9,640
    N/m3, surface tension coefficient of 0.0662 N/m, and
    contact angle of 0) and (b) mercury (specific gravity of
    132,200 N/m3, surface tension coefficient of 0.47 N/m
    and contact angle of 130) .

    You might also like