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Distributed Database Systems Overview

This document provides an overview of distributed database systems. It discusses that distributed database systems combine database management and computer network technologies. Key points covered include: distributed database systems allow data to be managed across multiple databases located on a network; they provide advantages like transparent data management, improved reliability through distributed transactions, and improved performance; but also introduce complications around data replication, distributed query processing, concurrency control, and reliability. The document outlines several design issues and techniques for distributed database systems.

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Cristananda Ratnady
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© © All Rights Reserved
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27 views

Distributed Database Systems Overview

This document provides an overview of distributed database systems. It discusses that distributed database systems combine database management and computer network technologies. Key points covered include: distributed database systems allow data to be managed across multiple databases located on a network; they provide advantages like transparent data management, improved reliability through distributed transactions, and improved performance; but also introduce complications around data replication, distributed query processing, concurrency control, and reliability. The document outlines several design issues and techniques for distributed database systems.

Uploaded by

Cristananda Ratnady
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISTRIBUTED DATABASE

SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
Presented By
Satrio Agung Wicaksono

Distributed Database Systems


Made up of database system and computer network

technologies

Databases management of data moves control of data

from applications to centralized and controlled access


systems (DBMSs)

Distributed Database Systems, Contd


Computer network technology emphasizes distributed

(non-central) control
Database systems seem to emphasize centralization
Network systems seem to emphasize distribution
Databases, however, are not really about centralizing the
management of data
Database management systems really integrate data and
supply a common access methodology to data

What is Distributed Processing?


It means many things to many people
Distributed function (single program distributed on multiple
processors)
Distributed computing (autonomous functions distributed on a
network)
Networks (independent of function)
Multiprocessors (multiple CPUs in the same computer)
etc.
In any computer, there is always some aspect of

distributed processing (e.g., CPU and I/O functions)


We need a better definition of distributed computing to
better understand distributed database computing

What is a Distributed Database System?


A collection of multiple, logically interrelated

databases distributed over a computer


network
A Distributed Database Management System
(DDBMS) is the software systems that
manages distributed databases and makes
the distribution transparent to the user

Central Database on a Network

DDBS Environment

What a Distributed Database Architecture IS!


Distributed database system consists of autonomous

databases at distributed nodes

Advantages of Distributed Database Systems


Transparent Management of Distributed and Replicated

Data
Transparency hides many of the lower-level implementation issues
Users and applications do not have to understand and manage the

distribution
The DDBMS appears as a single DBMS
A single query to the DDBMS database is translated to potentially
many queries on multiple DBMSs correctly
The effects of a single query on multiple databases are managed
consistently and automatically
The queries are semantically correct
The queries are executed in the right order

Data replication is handled properly and automatically

Advantages of Distributed Database Systems


(contd...)
Reliability Through Distributed Transactions
Maintains database consistency across multiple transactions
Multiple applications and users may execute sets of all-or-nothing
queries
Applications and users do not stepon each other
Each applications appears to be have the complete attentionof
the database
Effects of other user transactions are not noticed
This would be near impossible without a DDBMS

Advantages of Distributed Database Systems


(contd...)
Improved Performance
Algorithms are tuned for distribution
Database design tuned for distribution and usage patterns
Based on internal DDBMS statistics, efficient query plans are
calculated
Efficient query algorithms and optimal database design are beyond
the capability of most users
Even if the users have these capabilities, they do not have access
to internal DDBMS statistics to make effective design and query
choices

Advantages of Distributed Database Systems


(contd...)
Easier System Expansion
The next database node fits into a pre-existing architecture
Much of the database integration software is already in place
The new database node is managed consistently within the context
of the other database nodes
Without a DDBMS, all applications needing data at the new node
would need to be modified and tuned to the specifics of that
database
Access patterns
Query semantics
Query integrity
Transaction management

Complications Introduced by DDBMS


Essentially, this is what the course is about
It is assumed that we know how various features are implemented in a
single DMBS
We need more tools to handle the distribution
Data replication
For reliability and efficiency
Choose the site to retrieve from
Update modifies all copies

Failed sites need to be updated when they come on board


Synchronization of values at distributed sites
Software is inherently more complex
Distribution of control
Security

Design Issues
Distributed Database Design
Distributed Directory Management
Distributed Query Processing
Distributed Concurrency Control
Distributed Deadlock Management
Reliability of Distributed DBMS
Replication
Heterogeneous databases

Distributed Database Design


The question that is being addressed is how the database

and the applications that run against it should be placed


across the sites.
There are two basic alternatives to placing data:
partitioned (or non-replicated)
Replicated

The two fundamental design issues :


fragmentation,
distribution,

Distributed Directory Management


There are three levels of directories
Conceptual
Logical
Physical
Directories are consulted for most database operations
There are many issues that concern whether to distribute

or centralize the directories

Distributed Query Processing


The problem is how to decide on a strategy for executing

each query over the network in the most cost-effective


way, however cost is defined
The factors to be considered :
the distribution of data
communication costs
lack of sufficient locally-available information

Distributed Concurrency Control


Synchronization of access to distributed databases
Maintain integrity of the system
Single distributed database
Multiple copies of the database
Approaches
Pessimistic Concurrency Control
Optimistic Concurrency Control

Example approaches
Locking
Timestamps

Distributed Deadlock Management


Similar to Operating Systems deadlock management
Well known solutions
Prevention
Avoidance
Detection/recovery

Reliability of Distributed DBMS


Failure recovery among multiple sites
Make sure other systems are reliable and consistent
We will explore the ARIES algorithm
We will explore the Two Phase Commit (2PC) algorithm

Replication
If the distributed database is (partially or fully) replicated, it

is necessary to implement protocols that ensure the


consistency of the replicas,i.e., copies of the same data
item have the same value

Heterogeneous databases
Sometimes called multi-databases
Distributed databases are fully autonomous
Usually databases already exist and the distributed

database system integrates them


Requires translations among database systems with
canonical description of overall environment
Complimentary to distributed database systems

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