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Input/output

This chapter discusses input/output (I/O) hardware and software principles. It covers I/O device controllers, memory-mapped I/O, direct memory access, interrupts, programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, I/O software layers, device drivers, disks, clocks, character-oriented terminals, graphical user interfaces, network terminals, and power management.

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160 views

Input/output

This chapter discusses input/output (I/O) hardware and software principles. It covers I/O device controllers, memory-mapped I/O, direct memory access, interrupts, programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, I/O software layers, device drivers, disks, clocks, character-oriented terminals, graphical user interfaces, network terminals, and power management.

Uploaded by

recompacted
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5

Input/Output
5.1 Principles of I/O hardware
5.2 Principles of I/O software
5.3 I/O software layers
5.4 Disks
5.5 Clocks
5.6 Character-oriented terminals
5.7 Graphical user interfaces
5.8 Network terminals
5.9 Power management
1

Principles of I/O Hardware

Some typical device, network, and data base rates

Device Controllers
I/O devices have components:
mechanical component
electronic component

The electronic component is the device


controller
may be able to handle multiple devices

Controller's tasks
convert serial bit stream to block of bytes
perform error correction as necessary
make available to main memory
3

Memory-Mapped I/O (1)

Separate I/O and memory space


Memory-mapped I/O
Hybrid
4

Memory-Mapped I/O (2)

(a) A single-bus architecture


(b) A dual-bus memory architecture
5

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Operation of a DMA transfer


6

Interrupts Revisited

How interrupts happens. Connections between devices and interrupt controller


actually use interrupt lines on the bus rather than dedicated wires

Principles of I/O Software


Goals of I/O Software (1)
Device independence
programs can access any I/O device
without specifying device in advance
(floppy, hard drive, or CD-ROM)

Uniform naming
name of a file or device a string or an integer
not depending on which machine

Error handling
handle as close to the hardware as possible
8

Goals of I/O Software (2)


Synchronous vs. asynchronous transfers
blocked transfers vs. interrupt-driven

Buffering
data coming off a device cannot be stored in
final destination

Sharable vs. dedicated devices


disks are sharable
tape drives would not be

Programmed I/O (1)

Steps in printing a string


1

Programmed I/O (2)

Writing a string to the printer using programmed


I/O
1

Interrupt-Driven I/O

Writing a string to the printer using interrupt-driven I/O


Code executed when print system call is made
Interrupt service procedure

I/O Using DMA

Printing a string using DMA


code executed when the print system call is made
interrupt service procedure
1

I/O Software Layers

Layers of the I/O Software System


1

Interrupt Handlers (1)

Interrupt handlers are best hidden

Interrupt procedure does its task

have driver starting an I/O operation block until interrupt


notifies of completion

then unblocks driver that started it

Steps must be performed in software after interrupt


completed
1. Save regs not already saved by interrupt hardware
2. Set up context for interrupt service procedure
1

Interrupt Handlers (2)


3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Set up stack for interrupt service procedure


Ack interrupt controller, reenable interrupts
Copy registers from where saved
Run service procedure
Set up MMU context for process to run next
Load new process' registers
Start running the new process

Device Drivers

Logical position of device drivers is shown here


Communications between drivers and device controllers goes over the bus

Device-Independent I/O Software (1)


Uniform interfacing for device drivers
Buffering
Error reporting
Allocating and releasing dedicate devices
Providing a deice-independent block size

Functions of the device-independent I/O software


1

Device-Independent I/O Software (2)

(a) Without a standard driver interface


(b) With a standard driver interface
1

Device-Independent I/O Software (3)

(a) Unbuffered input


(b) Buffering in user space
(c) Buffering in the kernel followed by copying to user space
(d) Double buffering in the kernel

Device-Independent I/O Software (4)

Networking may involve many copies


2

User-Space I/O Software

Layers of the I/O system and the main functions of each layer

Disks
Disk Hardware (1)

Disk parameters for the original IBM PC floppy disk and a


Western Digital WD 18300 hard disk

Disk Hardware (2)

Physical geometry of a disk with two zones


A possible virtual geometry for this disk

Disk Hardware (3)

Raid levels 0 through 2


Backup and parity drives are shaded

Disk Hardware (4)

Raid levels 3 through 5


Backup and parity drives are shaded

Disk Hardware (5)

Recording structure of a CD or CD-ROM


2

Disk Hardware (6)

Logical data layout on a CD-ROM


2

Disk Hardware (7)

Cross section of a CD-R disk and laser


not to scale

Silver CD-ROM has similar structure


without dye layer
with pitted aluminum layer instead of gold

Disk Hardware (8)

A double sided, dual layer DVD disk


3

Disk Formatting (1)

A disk sector
3

Disk Formatting (2)

An illustration of cylinder skew


3

Disk Formatting (3)

No interleaving
Single interleaving
Double interleaving
3

Disk Arm Scheduling Algorithms (1)


Time required to read or write a disk
block determined by 3 factors
1.
2.
3.

Seek time
Rotational delay
Actual transfer time

Seek time dominates


Error checking is done by controllers

Disk Arm Scheduling Algorithms (2)


Initial
position

Pending
requests

Shortest Seek First (SSF) disk scheduling algorithm

Disk Arm Scheduling Algorithms (3)

The elevator algorithm for scheduling disk requests


3

Error Handling

A disk track with a bad sector


Substituting a spare for the bad sector
Shifting all the sectors to bypass the bad one
3

Stable Storage

Analysis of the influence of crashes on stable writes


3

Clocks
Clock Hardware

A programmable clock
3

Clock Software (1)

Three ways to maintain the time of day


4

Clock Software (2)

Simulating multiple timers with a single clock


4

Soft Timers
A second clock available for timer interrupts
specified by applications
no problems if interrupt frequency is low

Soft timers avoid interrupts


kernel checks for soft timer expiration before it
exits to user mode
how well this works depends on rate of kernel
entries
4

Character Oriented Terminals


RS-232 Terminal Hardware

An RS-232 terminal communicates with computer 1 bit at a time


Called a serial line bits go out in series, 1 bit at a time
Windows uses COM1 and COM2 ports, first to serial lines
Computer and terminal are completely independent

Input Software (1)

Central buffer pool


Dedicated buffer for each terminal
4

Input Software (2)

Characters handled specially in canonical mode

Output Software

The ANSI escape sequences


accepted by terminal driver on output
ESC is ASCII character (0x1B)
n,m, and s are optional numeric parameters

Display Hardware (1)

Parallel port

Memory-mapped displays
driver writes directly into display's video RAM

Display Hardware (2)

A video RAM image


simple monochrome display
character mode

Corresponding screen
the xs are attribute bytes

Input Software
Keyboard driver delivers a number
driver converts to characters
uses a ASCII table

Exceptions, adaptations needed for


other languages
many OS provide for loadable keymaps
or code pages
4

Output Software for Windows (1)

Sample window located at (200,100) on XGA display


5

Output Software for Windows (2)

Skeleton of a Windows main program (part 1)

Output Software for Windows (3)

Skeleton of a Windows main program (part 2)

Output Software for Windows (4)

An example rectangle drawn using Rectangle


5

Output Software for Windows (5)

Copying bitmaps using BitBlt.


before
after

Output Software for Windows (6)

Examples of character outlines at different point sizes


5

Network Terminals
X Windows (1)

Clients and servers in the M.I.T. X Window System

X Windows (2)

Skeleton of an X Windows application program

The SLIM Network Terminal (1)

The architecture of the SLIM terminal system

The SLIM Network Terminal (2)

Messages used in the SLIM protocol from the server to the terminals

Power Management (1)

Power consumption of various parts of a laptop computer


6

Power management (2)

The use of zones for backlighting the display


6

Power Management (3)

Running at full clock speed


Cutting voltage by two
cuts clock speed by two,
cuts power by four
6

Power Management (4)


Telling the programs to use less energy
may mean poorer user experience

Examples
change from color output to black and white
speech recognition reduces vocabulary
less resolution or detail in an image

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