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Introduction To Computing:: Computer Systems

This lecture discusses the major components of a computer system, including different types of memory devices (ROM, RAM, CMOS), the central processing unit (CPU) and its components (ALU, control unit, registers, buses, clock), and input/output ports and expansion slots. The CPU fetches and executes instructions from memory, and uses its control unit and ALU to process data. Memory devices like ROM, RAM, and CMOS are used to store programs and data both temporarily and permanently.

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Phan Giang Châu
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55 views

Introduction To Computing:: Computer Systems

This lecture discusses the major components of a computer system, including different types of memory devices (ROM, RAM, CMOS), the central processing unit (CPU) and its components (ALU, control unit, registers, buses, clock), and input/output ports and expansion slots. The CPU fetches and executes instructions from memory, and uses its control unit and ALU to process data. Memory devices like ROM, RAM, and CMOS are used to store programs and data both temporarily and permanently.

Uploaded by

Phan Giang Châu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computing:

Lecture 4

Computer Systems

Overview

This Lecture covers:

To learn about different memory


devices used in our computers.
To learn about the major part of our
computer, CPU and its components as
well.

Memory Devices

The device, which is used to store the


data, instructions and information before,
during and after the processing by
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
It is actually a work area (physically a
collection of integrated circuits) within the
computer, where the CPU stores the data
and instructions. It is also known as a
Main/Primary/Internal memory.
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Memory Devices

It is of the following three types:

Read Only Memory (ROM)


Random Access Memory (RAM)
Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Memory (CMOS)

Memory: ROM

Non-volatile chips inside which data or


programs are stored.
Whenever the computer is switched
on, it searches for the required
information or instructions. The
memory which has these essential
instructions is known as Read Only
Memory (ROM).
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Memory: ROM

This memory is permanent and not erased


when the system is switched off.
The memory capacity of ROM varies from
64 KB to 256 KB etc.
ROM contains a number of programs (set of
instructions). The most important program of
ROM is the Basic Input Output System
(BIOS). Which activates the hardware.
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Memory: ROM
There are many types of ROM
available for microcomputers like
Mask ROM, PROM, EPROM,
EEPROM and EAPROM.

i.

Mask ROM : Mask ROM is the basic


ROM chip. In this type of ROM, the
information is stored at the time of its
manufacturing. So, it cannot be altered
or erased later on.
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Memory: ROM
ii.

iii.

PROM : PROM stands for Programmable Read


Only Memory. In this type of ROM, the
information is stored by the programmers after
its manufacturing. It also cannot be altered or
erased later on.
EPROM : EPROM stands for Erasable PROM.
It is similar to PROM, but its information can be
erased later on by ultra violet light and it can be
reprogrammed.

Memory: ROM
iv.

v.

EEPROM : EEPROM stands for


Electrically EPROM. It is similar to
EPROM, but its information can be
erased by using an high voltage current.
EAPROM : EAPROM stands for
Electrically Alterable PROM. As
compared to EPROM & EEPROM, the
information stored in EAPROM can be
altered later.
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Memory: RAM

RAM (random access memory) is the


computers main memory and is used to
temporarily storage programs and data with
which it is working.

RAM is volatile (erased when the power to the


PC goes off).

RAM comes in a variety of types, speeds, and


size.
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Memory: RAM
Types of RAM:

i.

ii.

Dynamic RAM (DRAM): The information


stored in DRAM has to be refreshed after every
few milliseconds, otherwise it is erased. DRAM
has higher storage capacity and is cheaper
than Static RAM.
Static RAM (SRAM): The information stored in
Static RAM need not be refreshed, but it
remains stable as long as power supply is
provided. SRAM is costly but has higher speed
than DRAM.
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Memory: CMOS

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide


Semiconductor Memory) memory is
used to store the system configuration,
date, time and other important data.
When the computer is switched on,
BIOS matches the information of
CMOS with the peripheral devices and
displays error in case of mismatching.
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Processing Unit: CPU

CPU is the main component or brain of a


computer, which performs all the processing
of input data.
Its function is to fetch, decode and then
execute the instructions stored in the main
memory of a computer.
In microcomputers, the CPU is built on a
single chip or integrated circuit (IC) and is
called as a Microprocessor.
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Processing Unit: CPU

The CPU follows a set of steps-called a


machine cycle-for each instruction it carries out.
By using a technique called pipelining, many
CPUs can process more than one instruction at
a time.
The machine cycle includes two smaller cycles:

During the instruction cycle, the CPU fetches a command


or data from memory and decodes it for the CPU.
During the execution cycle, the CPU executes the
instruction, and may store the instruction's result in
memory.

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Processing Unit: CPU

The CPU consists of the following


distinct parts:1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)


Control Unit (CU)
Registers
Buses
Clock
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Processing Unit: CPU


1)

2)

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):


The arithmetic and logic unit of CPU is responsible
for all arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division as well as
logical operations such as less than, equal to and
greater than.
Control Unit (CU):
The control unit is responsible for controlling the
transfer of data and instructions among other units
of a computer. It is considered as the Central
nervous System of computer, as it manages and
coordinates all the units of the computer.
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ALU Operations List


Arithmetic
Operations

Logical
Operations

+ Add

equal to ( and not equal to)

Subtract

> greater than, (and not greater


than)

x Multiply

< less than (and not less than)

Divide

greater than or equal to


(and not greater than or equal
to)

^ Raise by a power

less than or equal to


(and not less than or equal to)

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Processing Unit: CPU


3)

Registers:
Registers are small high speed circuits
(memory locations) which are used to store data,
instructions and memory addresses temporarily
(memory location numbers). Registers can be
divided into various categories depending upon
their functions:

Memory Address Register (MAR)


Memory Buffer register (MBR)
Program Control Register (PC)
Accumulator Register (AR)
Instruction register (IR)
Input/output Register (I/O R)
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Processing Unit: CPU


4)

Buses:

Data is stored as a unit of eight bits in a


register. Each bit is transferred from one register to
another by means of a separate wire. This group
of eight wires, which is used as a common way to
transfer data between registers is known as a bus.
Bus can be of three major types:

Data bus is used to move data.


Address bus is used to move address or
memory location.
Control bus is used to send control signal
between various components of a computer.
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Processing Unit: CPU


5)

Clock:
Clock is another important component of
CPU. Which measures and allocates a fixed time
slots for processing each and every microoperation (smallest functional operation). In simple
terms, CPU allocated one or more clock cycles to
complete a micro-operation. CPU executes the
instructions in synchronization with the clock
pulse.

The clock speed of CPU is measured in terms of


Mega Hertz (MHZ) or millions of cycles per second.
CPU speed is also measured in terms of Millions of
instructions Per Second (MIPS) or Millions of Floating
Point Operations Per Second (MFLOPS).
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Ports

External devicessuch as those used for input and


outputare connected to the system by ports on the
back of the computer.

PCs feature a number of built-in ports, which are


ready to accept devices such as a printer, mouse,
keyboard, phone line, microphone and speakers, and
others.

Most computers come with a serial port and a parallel


port. A serial port transmits one bit of data at a time;
a parallel port transmits data one byte at a time.
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Expansion Slots & Boards

If the PC does not have a port for an external device, you can
install an expansion board into one of the empty expansion
slots.

A board provides the correct port for the new device, and
connects the device to the CPU by way of the computer's
expansion bus.

Newer bus technologies such as Universal Serial Bus (USB)


and IEEE 1394 enable many devices to be connected to one
port.

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is an older standard


for extending the bus to multiple devices through a single port.
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Summary

Inside the system unit; memory units

How the CPU works

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