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XHTML

XHTML is an XML-based reformulation of HTML that aims to be both syntactically correct XML and semantically consistent with HTML. It defines three document types - strict, transitional, and frameset. Strict XHTML uses only structural markup and requires style sheets for presentation, while transitional allows for deprecated HTML elements and attributes. Frameset is used for documents with frames. All XHTML documents must have a DOCTYPE declaration specifying the document type and conform to XML syntax rules.

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92 views15 pages

XHTML

XHTML is an XML-based reformulation of HTML that aims to be both syntactically correct XML and semantically consistent with HTML. It defines three document types - strict, transitional, and frameset. Strict XHTML uses only structural markup and requires style sheets for presentation, while transitional allows for deprecated HTML elements and attributes. Frameset is used for documents with frames. All XHTML documents must have a DOCTYPE declaration specifying the document type and conform to XML syntax rules.

Uploaded by

prisci_durai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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XHTML

Jan 5, 2015

What is XHTML?

XHTML stands for Extensible Hypertext Markup


Language

XHTML is aimed to replace HTML


XHTML is almost identical to HTML 4.01
XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML

XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup


language designed for describing data

XHTML is HTML redefined as an XML application


XHTML is a bridge between HTML and XML
2

The problem with HTML

HTML started out as a way of describing the structure


of documents, with tags to indicate headers, paragraphs,
and the like
Because people wanted to control the appearance of
documents, HTML acquired tags to control fonts,
alignment, etc.
The result is a markup language that does both, but isnt
very good at either

HTML vs. XML


XML looks a lot like HTML, but-HTML uses a fixed set of
tags

With XML you make up your


own tags (and define what they
mean in a separate document)

HTML is designed to
display data to humans

XML is designed to describe


data to computers

Browsers are very tolerant


of errors in HTML

XML documents must be wellformed (syntactically correct)

All browsers can display


HTML

Most modern browsers can


display XML
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From HTML to XHTML, I

XHTML elements must be properly nested


<b><i>bold and italic</b></i> is wrong

XHTML documents must be well-formed


<html>
<head> ... </head>
<body> ... </body>
</html>

Tag names must be in lowercase


All XHTML elements must be closed

If an HTML tag is not a container, close it like this:


<br />, <hr />, <image src="smile.gif" />
Note: Some browsers require a space before the /
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From HTML to XHTML, II

Attribute names must also be in lower case

Attribute values must be quoted

Example: <table width="100%">

Attribute minimization is forbidden

Example: <table width="100%">

Example: <frame noresize="noresize">,


cannot be abbreviated to <frame noresize>

The id attribute replaces the name attribute

Wrong: <img src="picture.gif" name="picture1" />


Right: <img src="picture.gif" id="picture1" />
Best: <img src="picture.gif" name="picture1" id="picture1" />

SGML and DTDs

SGML stands for Standard Generalized Markup


Language
HTML, XHTML, XML and many other markup
languages are defined in SGML
A DTD, or Document Type Definition describes the
syntax to use for the current document
There are three different DTDs for XHTML--you can
pick the one you want

These DTDs are public and on the web


You must start your XHTML document with a reference to
one of these DTDs
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DOCTYPE declaration, II

The three main DTDs are as follows:

Strict

Transitional

Frameset

DOCTYPE declaration, I

Every XHTML document must begin with one


of the DOCTYPE declarations (DTDs):

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"


"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"


"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN"


"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">

Strict

Use for really clean markup, with no display


information (no font, color, or size information)
If you are planning to use Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
strictly and avoiding to write most of the XHTML
attributes, then it is recommended to use this DTD.
Use with CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) if you want to
define how the document should look
A document conforming to this DTD is of the best
quality.

10

Example
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head><title> Strict DTD XHTML Example </title>
</head>
<body><p>
Please Choose a Day:<br /><br />
<select name="day">
<option selected="selected">Monday</option>
<option>Tuesday</option>
<option>Wednesday</option>
</select></p>
</body>
</html>

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Transitional

Use with standard HTML and/or with CSS


Allows deprecated HTML elements
If you are planning to use many XHTML attributes
as well as few Cascading Style Sheet properties,
then you should adopt this DTD and you should
write your XHTML document accordingly.

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Example
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"
lang="en">
<head><title> Transitional DTD XHTML Example </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#000000" text="red">
<p>This is a transitional XHTML example</p>
</body>
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</html>

Frameset

Use if your document uses HTML frames


You can use this when you want to use HTML Frames to
partition the browser window into two or more frames.

14

Example
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN"
"DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"
lang="en">
<head><title> Frameset DTD XHTML Example </title></head>
<frameset cols="100,*">
<frame src="toc.html" />
<frame src="intro.html" name="content" />
</frameset>
</html>
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