Historical Background BB
Historical Background BB
Historical Background BB
PBB1 2013
PART I
EARLY HISTORY
Huang Di Nei Ching
EARLY HISTORY
Egyptians and Romans
EARLY HISTORY
Blood letting is depicted
on an ancient Greek vase
Ancient Greeks
Considered one of
medicines oldest
practices, blood letting
is thought to have
originated in Ancient
Egypt. It then spread
to Greece.
EARLY HISTORY
400 BC
Hippocrates, Greek
physician, postulates
that the body is
comprised of four
humors blood,
phlegm, black bile,
and yellow bile
and their imbalance
causes disease.
Hippocrates
EARLY HISTORY
Aristotle
350 BC
Aristotle, Greek
philosopher, believes that
the heart is the central
organ of the body.
Following dissections of
many different animals
Aristotle presumes the
heart is a three-chambered
organ, even in humans
EARLY HISTORY
162 AD
Galen (Claudius Galenus),
Greek physician, describes
the anatomy of the human
body and includes a reference
to bright and dark blood
from separate channels in the
body which interconnect.
Also mentions the liver as
the origin of blood and the
kidneys as a filter. Although
incorrect in many details, his
descriptions formed the basis
for all blood circulation
studies for centuries
Claudius Galenus
EARLY HISTORY
Pope Innocent VIII
1492
Earliest recorded
transfusion: As a
remedy for an
apoplectic stroke
suffered by Pope
Innocent VIII, his
physician advised a
blood transfusion. The
blood of 3 young boys
was, by crude
methods, transferred
to the Pope. Donors
and patient later all
died.
EARLY HISTORY
Bloodletting in the 1860s
18th century
In the 18th century,
blood letting was the
most popular form of
treatment of a vast
number of ailments.
EARLY HISTORY
1616
William Harvey,
English physician,
discovered the blood
circulation
ERA of real blood
transfusion.
William Harvey
EARLY HISTORY
1665
first
successful
animal to
animal blood
transfusion
dog to dog
Richard Lower
EARLY HISTORY
1667
Jean-Baptiste Denis
EARLY HISTORY
A MINI GALLERY OF
EARLY HISTORY
A Surgeons Blood letting set
Scarificator
Scarification without
cupping in Egypt in
the 16th Century.
To obtain sufficient
blood, 20-40 gashes
were made in the legs
of the patient and
was made to stand in
a basin of warm water.
in
the bath,
16th century.
1800
discovered the
significance
progress in
understanding
the basis for the
incompatibility
between species
1816
performed and
published a set of
animal experiments
that proved that the
donor and recipient
must be of the same
species
1818
BLOOD COAGULATION,
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
Braxton Hicks
1869
Obstetrician
Experimented with
phosphate of soda
First attempted approach
to anticoagulation
He tried it in four of his
patients, unfortunately
none of them survived.
He recommended Na3PO4
BLOOD COAGULATION,
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
Albert Hustin
1914
BLOOD COAGULATION,
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
Richard Lewisohn
1915
Proved that Sodium
Citrate was effective
as an anticoagulant,
at a certain
percentage (0.2%)
It was not toxic to
humans even if 2500
mL of it was
transfused.
BLOOD COAGULATION,
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
Thomas Rous and
Catherine Turner
1916
Addition of dextrose to
citrate would preserve
blood up to 2 weeks.
It needed a large amount
of preservative solution
and was difficult to
prepare.
This remained as the only
anticoagulant used until
World War II.
BLOOD COAGULATION,
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
solution
1950
Smith showed glycerol could be
used for
extending the life span of red cells
to 10
years
1957
Gibson introduced the CPD and
eventually replaced ACD as the
standard preservative for blood
storage.
discovered ABO
blood groups
Austrian
Immunologist
identification of
three blood groups,
A, B, O
Karl Landsteiner
1902
discovered
the
fourth blood
group, AB.
former students of
Landsteiner
advocated
selecting donors by
blood group and
crossmatching
Reuben Ottenberg
1942
proved
the
inheritance
pattern of
blood
groups
1939
discovered rhesus
Rh blood type
from his case
report of posttransfusion
hemolysis in a
group O patient
who received
blood from her
blood group O
husband
1944
developed Rh
immune glogulin
(RhIg) for the
prevention of
hemolytic disease
of the newborn
1945
Coombs, Mourant and
Race, English
veterinary surgeon
and physicians,
described the use of
antihuman globulin
(the Coombs Test) to
identify incomplete
antibodies.
Gesellius
used
an equally
complex
device.
The donor was
lanced
multiple times
and had his
capillary blood
extracted.
Gesellius
used
an equally
complex
device.
The donor was
lanced
multiple times
and had his
capillary blood
extracted.
INSTRUMENTATION
James Aveling
BLOOD BANKS
Ostwald Robertson- proposed use of blood
type O to soldiers
Dr. Charles Drew- African american surgeon
appointed as first director of the American
Red Cross Blood Bank.
INSTRUMENTATION
James Aveling
BLOOD BANKS
Ostwald Robertson- proposed use of blood
type O to soldiers
Dr. Charles Drew- African american surgeon
appointed as first director of the American
Red Cross Blood Bank.