Part I: Introduction: Chapter Goal

Part I: Introduction
Chapter goal:
get context,
overview, feel of
networking
more depth, detail
later in course
approach:
descriptive
use Internet as
example
Overview:
whats the Internet
whats a protocol?
network edge
network core
access net, physical media
performance: loss, delay
protocol layers, service models
backbones, NAPs, ISPs
history
ATM network
1: Introduction
Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

millions of connected
computing devices: hosts,

end-systems
pcs workstations, servers

PDAs phones, toasters
router
server
mobile
local ISP
running network apps

communication links
workstation
regional ISP
fiber, copper, radio,

satellite
routers: forward packets

(chunks) of data thru
network
company
network
1: Introduction
Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view
protocols: control sending,

receiving of msgs
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP
Internet: network of
networks
router
server
mobile
local ISP
loosely hierarchical
public Internet versus
private intranet
Internet standards
RFC: Request for comments
IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force
workstation
regional ISP
company
network
1: Introduction
Whats the Internet: a service view

communication
infrastructure enables
distributed applications:
WWW, email, games, ecommerce, database., voting,

more?
communication services
provided:
connectionless
connection-oriented
cyberspace [Gibson]:
a consensual hallucination experienced
daily by billions of operators, in every
nation, ...."
1: Introduction
Whats a protocol?
human protocols:
whats the time?
I have a question
introductions
specific msgs sent
specific actions taken
when msgs received,
or other events
network protocols:
machines rather than
humans
all communication
activity in Internet
governed by protocols
protocols define format,

order of msgs sent and
received among network
entities, and actions
taken on msg
transmission, receipt
1: Introduction
Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi
TCP connection
req.
Hi
TCP connection
reply.
Got the
time?
Get http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/index.htm
2:00
<file>
time
Q: Other human protocol?

1: Introduction
A closer look at network structure:

network edge: applications
and hosts
network core:
routers
network of networks
access networks, physical
media: communication links
1: Introduction
The network edge:

end systems (hosts):
run application programs

e.g., WWW, email
at edge of network
client/server model
client host requests, receives

service from server
e.g., WWW client (browser)/
server; email client/server
peer-peer model:
host interaction symmetric

e.g.: teleconferencing
1: Introduction
Network edge: connection-oriented service

Goal: data transfer
between end sys.

handshaking: setup
(prepare for) data
transfer ahead of time
Hello, hello back human

protocol
set up state in two
communicating hosts
TCP - Transmission
Control Protocol
Internets connectionoriented service
TCP service [RFC 793]
reliable, in-order bytestream data transfer
flow control:
loss: acknowledgements
and retransmissions
sender wont overwhelm
receiver
congestion control:
senders slow down sending

rate when network
congested
1: Introduction
Network edge: connectionless service

Goal: data transfer
between end systems
same as before!
UDP - User Datagram
Protocol [RFC 768]:

Internets
connectionless service
unreliable data
transfer
no flow control
no congestion control
Apps using TCP:

HTTP (WWW), FTP
(file transfer), Telnet

(remote login), SMTP
(email)
Apps using UDP:

streaming media,
teleconferencing,
Internet telephony
1: Introduction 1
The Network Core

mesh of interconnected
routers
the fundamental
question: how is data
transferred through net?
circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per
call: telephone net
packet-switching: data
sent thru net in
discrete chunks
1: Introduction 1
Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-end resources
reserved for call
link bandwidth, switch
capacity
dedicated resources:
no sharing
circuit-like
(guaranteed)
performance
call setup required
1: Introduction 1
Network Core: Circuit Switching

network resources
(e.g., bandwidth)
divided into pieces
pieces allocated to calls
idle if
not used by owning call
(no sharing)
dividing link bandwidth
into pieces
frequency division
time division
resource piece
1: Introduction 1
Network Core: Packet Switching

each end-end data stream
divided into packets
user A, B packets share
network resources
each packet uses full link
bandwidth
resources used as needed,
Bandwidth division into pieces
Dedicated allocation
Resource reservation
resource contention:
aggregate resource
demand can exceed
amount available
congestion: packets
queue, wait for link use
store and forward:
packets move one hop
at a time
transmit over link
wait turn at next link
1: Introduction 1

10 Mbs
Ethernet
A
B
statistical multiplexing
1.5 Mbs
queue of packets
waiting for output
link
45 Mbs
Packet-switching versus circuit switching: human

restaurant analogy
other human analogies?
1: Introduction 1

Packet-switching:
store and forward behavior
1: Introduction 1
Packet switching versus circuit switching

Packet switching allows more users to use network!
1 Mbit link
each user:
100Kbps when active
active 10% of time
circuit-switching:
10 users
N users
1 Mbps link
packet switching:
with 35 users,
probability > 10 active
less that .004
1: Introduction 1
Packet switching versus circuit switching

Is packet switching a slam dunk winner?
Great for bursty data
resource sharing
no call setup
Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
protocols needed for reliable data transfer,
congestion control
Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video
apps
still an unsolved problem (chapter 6)
1: Introduction 1
Packet-switched networks: routing
Goal: move packets among routers from source to

destination
well study several path selection algorithms (chapter 4)
datagram network:
destination address determines next hop
routes may change during session
analogy: driving, asking directions
virtual circuit network:
each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag determines
next hop
fixed path determined at call setup time , remains fixed thru
call
routers maintain per-call state
1: Introduction 1
Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connection end
systems to edge router?
residential access nets
institutional access
networks (school,
company)
mobile access networks
Keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
shared or dedicated?
1: Introduction 2
Residential access: point to point access

Dialup via modem
up to 56Kbps direct access to

router (conceptually)
ISDN: intergrated services
digital network: 128Kbps alldigital connect to router
ADSL: asymmetric digital
subscriber line
up to 1 Mbps home-to-router
up to 8 Mbps router-to-home
ADSL deployment: UPDATE
THIS
1: Introduction 2
Residential access: cable modems

HFC: hybrid fiber coax
asymmetric: up to 10Mbps
upstream, 1 Mbps downstream
network of cable and fiber
attaches homes to ISP

router
shared access to router

among home
issues: congestion,
dimensioning
deployment: available via
cable companies, e.g.,

MediaOne
1: Introduction 2
Institutional access: local area networks

company/univ local area
network (LAN) connects

end system to edge router
Ethernet:
shared or dedicated
cable connects end
system and router
10 Mbs, 100Mbps,
Gigabit Ethernet
deployment: institutions,
home LANs soon
LANs: chapter 5
1: Introduction 2
Wireless access networks

wireless access
network connects end
system to router
wireless LANs:
shared
radio spectrum replaces

wire
e.g., Lucent Wavelan 10
Mbps
router
base
station
wider-area wireless
access
CDPD: wireless access to

ISP router via cellular
network
mobile
hosts
1: Introduction 2
Physical Media
physical link:
transmitted data bit

propagates across link
guided media:
signals propagate in
solid media: copper,
fiber
unguided media:
signals propagate
freelye.g., radio
Twisted Pair (TP)

two insulated copper
wires
Category 3: traditional
phone wires, 10 Mbps
ethernet
Category 5 TP:
100Mbps ethernet
1: Introduction 2
Physical Media: coax, fiber

Coaxial cable:
wire (signal carrier)
within a wire (shield)
baseband: single channel

on cable
broadband: multiple
channel on cable
bidirectional
common use in 10Mbs
Fiber optic cable:

glass fiber carrying
light pulses
high-speed operation:
100Mbps Ethernet
high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 5 Gps)
low error rate
Ethernet
1: Introduction 2
Physical media: radio

signal carried in
electromagnetic
spectrum
no physical wire
bidirectional
propagation
environment effects:
reflection
obstruction by objects
interference
Radio link types:

microwave
e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
LAN (e.g., waveLAN)
2Mbps, 11Mbps
wide-area (e.g., cellular)
e.g. CDPD, 10s Kbps
satellite
up to 50Mbps channel (or multiple smaller
channels)
270 Msec end-end delay
geosynchronous versus LEOS
1: Introduction 2
Delay in packet-switched networks

packets experience delay
on end-to-end path
four sources of delay
at each hop
transmission
nodal processing:
check bit errors
determine output link
queueing
time waiting at output
link for transmission
depends on congestion
level of router
propagation
nodal
processing
queueing
1: Introduction 2
Delay in packet-switched networks

Transmission delay:
R=link bandwidth (bps)
L=packet length (bits)
time to send bits into
link = L/R
transmission
Propagation delay:
d = length of physical link
s = propagation speed in
medium (~2x108 m/sec)
propagation delay = d/s
Note: s and R are very
different quantitites!
propagation
nodal
processing
queueing
1: Introduction 2
Queueing delay (revisited)

R=link bandwidth (bps)
L=packet length (bits)
a=average packet
arrival rate
traffic intensity = La/R

La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small
La/R -> 1: delays become large
La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be
serviced, average delay infinite!
1: Introduction 3

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Part I: Introduction

Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

computing devices: hosts,

pcs workstations, servers

running network apps

fiber, copper, radio,

routers: forward packets

Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

protocols: control sending,

e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP

Whats the Internet: a service view

WWW, email, games, ecommerce, database., voting,

protocols define format,

Q: Other human protocol?

A closer look at network structure:

access networks, physical

media: communication links

The network edge:

run application programs

client host requests, receives

host interaction symmetric

Network edge: connection-oriented service

between end sys.

Hello, hello back human

Internets connectionoriented service

TCP service [RFC 793]

reliable, in-order bytestream data transfer

senders slow down sending

Network edge: connectionless service

between end systems

UDP - User Datagram

Protocol [RFC 768]:

Apps using TCP:

(file transfer), Telnet

Apps using UDP:

The Network Core

Network Core: Circuit Switching

Network Core: Circuit Switching

Network Core: Packet Switching

Network Core: Packet Switching

Packet-switching versus circuit switching: human

Network Core: Packet Switching

Packet switching versus circuit switching

Packet switching versus circuit switching

Packet-switched networks: routing

Goal: move packets among routers from source to

well study several path selection algorithms (chapter 4)

Access networks and physical media

Residential access: point to point access

up to 56Kbps direct access to

Residential access: cable modems

attaches homes to ISP

shared access to router

deployment: available via

cable companies, e.g.,

Institutional access: local area networks

network (LAN) connects

Wireless access networks