UNIT 7
Programming
Languages and
Program
Development
Computer Information Systems
Lecturer: Trisha Aarons
Learning Objectives
Differentiate between machine and
assembly languages
Identify and discuss the purpose of
procedural programming languages
Identify and discuss the characteristics of
these object-oriented programming
languages and program development tools
Learning Objectives
Identify the uses of other programming
languages and program development
tools
Describe various ways to develop Web
pages
Programming Languages
A set of words, abbreviations, and symbols that
enables a programmer to communicate
instructions to a computer.
A programming language is an artificial language
consisting of a vocabulary and a set of rules used
to create instructions for a computer to follow.
Other times, programmers use a program
development tool to create a program.
Programme Development
Programme Development is the process
of creating application programs.
Generations of Programming
Languages
Programming Languages are classified
by levels or generations.
The lower-level languages are
considered to be the oldest.
Programming Languages
All languages need to be converted into a
language understood by the respective
hardware before it can be used by the
system.
This can be done by a compiler or an
interpreter.
Programming Languages
There are hundreds of languages which
exists each having their own rules and
purpose including, scientific, business
solutions or Web development.
There are two types of languages:
Low-level
High-level
Programming Languages
Low-Level Language
A low-level language
is a programming
language that is
machine dependent,
which means it runs
on only one
particular type of
computer.
High-Level Language
A high-level language
is a language that
mimics English and
often machine
independent. These
type of languages
can run on many
different types of
computers and
operating systems.
Low-Level Language
There are two types of low-level
languages.
1. Machine language - which is also
known as the first generation of
programming language.
2.
Assembly language the second
generation of programming languages
Machine Languages
Machine language is the only language
that the computer directly understands.
The program code consists of 0s and 1s.
Disadvantages:
Tedious
to code programs
Time consuming
Program is machine dependent
Example of Machine
Language
Assembly language
It is the second generation of programming
languages.
Includes some names and other symbols to replace
some of the 1s and 0s in machine language.
Resembles machine language
Uses brief abbreviations for program instructions.
Assembly language
Disadvantages:
Can
be difficult to learn
Programmers must convert an assembly
language into machine language before the
computer can execute, or run the program.
Example of
Assembly
Language
High-Level Languages
High-level language is one
that mimics English and
does not require the
programmer to
understand.
Closer to natural
languages
Includes third generation
languages (3GLs) like
FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL,
C, etc.) and objectoriented languages (Visual
Basic, C#, PYTHON, Java,
etc.)
Procedural programming
languages
Due to the disadvantages of machine and
assembly (low-level) languages led to the
development of procedural languages in the
late 1950s and 1960s.
The programmer writes instructions which
tell the computer what to accomplish and
how to do it.
Procedural language is often called thirdgeneration language (3GL)
Procedural programming
languages
Procedural programming
languages
There are several hundred procedural
languages which exist widely but only a
few of those are used.
The two standardized and most widely
industry used are:
C
COBOL
The C programming language was
developed by Dennis Ritchie in the 1972
at Bell Laboratories.
It was originally designed for writing
system software.
The C programming language today is
used to write many programs.
Snippet of a C program
C language is mostly used for
developing low level applications as it is
considered nearest to the hardware
amongst all languages, baring assembly
language.
C is the first programming course offered
in universities and it paved way for
learning other languages.
COBOL
It stands for COmmon Business-Oriented
Language.
It came about because of a joint effort
between the United States government,
businesses, and major Universities in the
early 1960s
Grace Hopper who was a Naval officer was
the prime developer of COBOL
COBOL
It is designed for business applications.
Easy to read because of the English-like
statements.
COBOL
It is especially useful
for processing
transactions.
Payroll
Billing
Makes extensive use
of modules and
submodules
Being phased out in
many organizations
Evolving (COBOL.NET)
COBOL
Drawback of the COBOL programming
language is that it requires programmers
to explain what the program is doing at
each step.
Object Oriented
Programming
Object oriented programming is a popular
programming technique based on data
being conceptualized as objects.
Objects are items that can contain both data
and the procedures that read or manipulate
that data.
An object represents a real person, place,
event or transaction.
Object Oriented
Programming
An object is defined by its features and
behaviour.
Multiple objects can be assembled into one
program, or one object can be nested (contained)
within another to create a solution for a specific
problem.
Objects are created rather than sequences of
instructions. This language can be 3GL, 4GL, 5GL.
Object Oriented
Programming
An object-oriented programming (OOP) language
allows programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing
objects
Programs that are developed using objectoriented programming have several advantages:
Can be reused in many systems
Designed for repeated use
Become stable over time
Programmers can create applications faster
because they design programs using existing
objects.
Object Oriented
Programming
OOP is also event-driven.
An event is an action to which the program
responds.
Examples of events include pressing a key
on the keyboard, typing a value in a text
box or moving the mouse, clicking a button
or evening speaking an instruction.
An event-driven program checks for and
responds to events.
Object Oriented
Programming
Some programming languages are event
driven but are not complete OOP
Languages.
Other programming languages such as:
Java
C#
F#
C++
And
the lastest versions of Visual Basic are
complete OOP languages.
Object Oriented
Programming
Object oriented programming languages
and program development tools work well in
RAD (Rapid Application Development)
environments.
RAD is a method of developing software, in
which a programmer writes and implements
a program in segments instead of waiting
until the entire program is completed.
They use built in components (no need to
write codes for boxes, form etc.)
Object Oriented
Programming
Most object oriented program
development tools are IDEs (Integrated
development environment).
An IDE includes tools for building
graphical user interfaces.
Java
Java is an object-oriented programming
language developed by Sun
Microsystems
The Just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert
the bytecode into machine-dependent
code
Programming Languages and
Program Development Tools
The Microsoft .NET Framework allows
almost any type of program to run on
the Internet or an internal business
network, as well as computers and
mobile devices
Programming Languages and
Program Development Tools
C++ is an extension of the C
programming language
Additional features for working with objects,
classes, events, and other object-oriented
concepts
C# is based on C++ and was developed
by Microsoft
Programming Languages and
Program Development Tools
39
Programming Languages and
Program Development Tools
Programming Languages and
Program Development Tools
PowerBuilder is a powerful program
development RAD tool
Best suited for Web-based, .NET, and largescale enterprise object-oriented applications
Non-procedural programming
languages
A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a
nonprocedural language that enables
users and programmers to access data
in a database
One popular 4GL is SQL
Programming Languages and
Program Development Tools
Classic programming languages include:
Programming Languages and
Program Development Tools
An application generator is a program
that creates source code or machine code
from a specification of the required
functionality
Often bundled as part of a DBMS
Programming Languages and
Program Development Tools
A macro is a series of statements that
instructs an application how to complete
a task
You usually create the macro in one of
two ways:
Record the macro with a macro
recorder
Write the macro
Various ways to develop Web
pages
The designers of Web pages are known
as Web developers.
These Web developers use various
techniques to create web pages through
the use of different languages including:
HTML and XHTML
XML and WML
Web Page Development
HTML is a special
formatting language
that programmers use
to format documents
for display on the Web
XHTML is a markup
language that allows
Web sites to be
displayed more easily
on mobile devices
Web Page Development
47
Web browsers can execute short programs
to add interactive elements to Web pages
To send and receive information between
your computer and a Web server, these
programs use the CGI (common gateway
interface)
Web Page Development
48
Programmers write scripts, applets, servlets,
or ActiveX controls using a variety of
languages
Web Page Development
49
Web page authoring software can create
sophisticated Web pages that include
images, video, audio, animation, and other
effects
End of Lecture
