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Oracle - The Basic Select

The document discusses the basic SQL SELECT statement and how to use iSQL*Plus. It covers selecting all or specific columns from a table, using column aliases, concatenation operators, arithmetic expressions, and eliminating duplicate rows. The key aspects of a basic SELECT statement are to identify what columns to select and which table to select from. iSQL*Plus allows writing, saving, and executing SQL statements through an interactive browser-based environment connected to an Oracle database server.

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Vikas Joshi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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70 views

Oracle - The Basic Select

The document discusses the basic SQL SELECT statement and how to use iSQL*Plus. It covers selecting all or specific columns from a table, using column aliases, concatenation operators, arithmetic expressions, and eliminating duplicate rows. The key aspects of a basic SELECT statement are to identify what columns to select and which table to select from. iSQL*Plus allows writing, saving, and executing SQL statements through an interactive browser-based environment connected to an Oracle database server.

Uploaded by

Vikas Joshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

The Basic

SQL SELECT Statement

Objectives

List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements


Execute a basic SELECT statement
Differentiate between SQL statements and
iSQL*Plus commands

Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements

Projection

Selection(Restriction)

Table 1

Table 1
Join

Table 2

Table 1

Basic SELECT Statement

SELECT
SELECT
FROM
FROM

*|{[DISTINCT]
*|{[DISTINCT] column|expression
column|expression [alias],...}
[alias],...}
table;
table;

SELECT identifies what columns


FROM identifies which table

Selecting All Columns

SELECT *
FROM
departments;

Selecting Specific Columns

SELECT department_id, location_id


FROM
departments;

Writing SQL Statements

SQL statements are not case sensitive.


SQL statements can be on one or more lines.
Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split
across lines.
Clauses are usually placed on separate lines.
Indents are used to enhance readability.

Column Heading Defaults

iSQL*Plus:

Default heading justification: Center


Default heading display: Uppercase

SQL*Plus:

Character and Date column headings are leftjustified


Number column headings are right-justified
Default heading display: Uppercase

Arithmetic Expressions
Create expressions with number and date data by using
arithmetic operators.
Operator

Description

Add

Subtract

Multiply

Divide

Operator Precedence

/ +

Multiplication and division take priority over addition


and subtraction.
Operators of the same priority are evaluated from left to
right.
Parentheses are used to force prioritized evaluation and
to clarify statements.

10

Operator Precedence

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100


FROM
employees;

11

Using Parentheses

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100)


FROM
employees;

12

Defining a Null Value


A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned,
unknown, or inapplicable.
A null is not the same as zero or a blank space.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commission_pct
FROM
employees;

13

Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions


Arithmetic expressions containing a null value
evaluate to null.
SELECT last_name, 12*salary*commission_pct
FROM
employees;

14

Defining a Column Alias

column alias:
Renames a column heading
Is useful with calculations
Immediately follows the column name - there can
also be the optional AS keyword between the
column name and alias
Requires double quotation marks if it contains
spaces or special characters or is case sensitive

15

Using Column Aliases

SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct comm


FROM
employees;

SELECT last_name "Name", salary*12 "Annual Salary"


FROM
employees;

16

Concatenation Operator

A concatenation operator:
Concatenates columns or character strings to
other columns
Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
Creates a resultant column that is a character
expression

17

Using the Concatenation Operator

SELECT
FROM

last_name||job_id AS "Employees"
employees;

18

Literal Character Strings

A literal is a character, a number, or a date


included in the SELECT list.
Date and character literal values must be
enclosed within single quotation marks.
Each character string is output once for each
row returned.

19

Using Literal Character Strings

SELECT last_name ||' is a '||job_id


AS "Employee Details"
FROM
employees;

20

Duplicate Rows
The default display of queries is all rows, including
duplicate rows.
SELECT
SELECT
FROM
FROM

department_id
department_id
employees;
employees;

21

Eliminating Duplicate Rows

Eliminate duplicate rows by using the DISTINCT


keyword in the SELECT clause.
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM
employees;

22

SQL and iSQL*Plus/Sql*Plus Interaction

iSQL*Plus

SQL statements

Oracle
server

Internet
Browser

Query results

iSQL*Plus
commands
Formatted report
Client

23

SQL Statements Versus iSQL*Plus Commands

SQL
A language
ANSI standard
Keyword cannot be
abbreviated
Statements manipulate
data and table definitions
in the database

iSQL*Plus
An environment
Oracle proprietary
Keywords can be
abbreviated
Commands do not allow
manipulation of values in
the database
Runs on a browser
Centrally loaded, does not
have to be implemented
on each machine
iSQL*Plus
commands

SQL
statements
24

Overview of iSQL*Plus

After you log into iSQL*Plus, you can:


Describe the table structure
Edit your SQL statement
Execute SQL from iSQL*Plus
Save SQL statements to files and append SQL
statements to files
Execute statements stored in saved files
Load commands from a text file into the
iSQL*Plus Edit window

25

Logging In to iSQL*Plus
From your Windows browser environment:

26

The iSQL*Plus Environment


10

1
2

27

Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

Write a SELECT statement that:

Returns all rows and columns from a table

Returns specified columns from a table

Uses column aliases to give descriptive column


headings

Use the iSQL*Plus environment to write, save, and


execute SQL statements and iSQL*Plus commands.

SELECT
SELECT
FROM
FROM

*|{[DISTINCT]
*|{[DISTINCT] column|expression
column|expression [alias],...}
[alias],...}
table;
table;

28

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