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Complex Numbers

The document defines various types of numbers including natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. It then discusses imaginary numbers as square roots of negative numbers represented by i. Complex numbers are defined as the sum of a real part and imaginary part. The key algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are described for complex numbers. Tests for equality of complex numbers and representations using the Argand diagram and concepts of modulus and argument are also summarized.

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228 views15 pages

Complex Numbers

The document defines various types of numbers including natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. It then discusses imaginary numbers as square roots of negative numbers represented by i. Complex numbers are defined as the sum of a real part and imaginary part. The key algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are described for complex numbers. Tests for equality of complex numbers and representations using the Argand diagram and concepts of modulus and argument are also summarized.

Uploaded by

CY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Numbers

z = x + iy

Natural Numbers

N = {1, 2, 3, }

zero

{0}

Whole Numbers

Negative Integers

W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, } { -1, -2, -3, }

Fractions
Z = { , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, } eg, 1 , 5 , 17 ,...
2 8 3
Integers

Rational
Numbers
a

Q = { : a Z, b Z, b 0}
b

Irrational Numbers

Real Numbers R Imaginary numbers

Complex numbers C

Imaginary numbers
Square roots of negative numbers are called
imaginary numbers.
4
1
Examples: 4 , 5 , , ,...
9
2

The letter i is used to represent

So imaginary numbers are written as


2
1
2i , 5i , i , i ,...
3
2

Imaginary numbers
Properties

of i: i 1
2

i 1 1
3

2 2

i i i i

i i i (1)(1) 1
i i ii

Complex numbers
A

complex number, z, is the sum of a real


part, x, and an imaginary part, yi.
z = x + yi
The set of complex numbers can be
denoted as
C ={z: z = x + yi, x, y R}

Algebraic operations
on complex numbers

Addition and subtraction:


Add or subtract the real parts, then add or subtract the
imaginary parts

Let z1= x1+ y1i

Then

and

and z2= x2+ y2i.


z1+ z2 = (x1+ y1i) + (x2+ y2i)
= (x1 + x2) + (y1 + y2)i
z1- z2 = (x1+ y1i) - (x2+ y2i)
= (x1 - x2) + (y1 - y2)i

Algebraic operations
on complex numbers

Multiplication:
Expand as in an ordinary algebraic expression.

Let z1= x1+ y1i

Then

and z2= x2+ y2i.


i2 = - 1
z1z2 = (x1+ y1i)(x2+ y2i)
= x1x2 + x1 y2i + y1ix2 + y1i y2i
= (x1x2 - y1 y2) + (x1 y2 + x2y2)i

Algebraic operations
on complex numbers
A

special case of multiplication:


(a + bi)(a bi)
= a2 (a)(bi) + (bi)(a) (bi)2
= a2 b2i2
This is a real
= a2 + b2
number!

+ bi) and (a bi) are complex conjugates.


If z = a + bi, then its conjugate is denoted by
z* = a bi.
(a

Algebraic operations
on complex numbers
Division:

Let z1= x1+ y1i and z2= x2+ y2i.


z1
x y1i
1
z2 x2 y2 i
( x1 y1i ) ( x 2 y 2 i )

( x2 y2 i) ( x2 y2i)
( x1 x 2 y1 y 2 ) ( x 2 y1 x1 y 2 )i

x 22 y 22

x1 x 2 y1 y 2 x 2 y1 x1 y 2

x2 y2 x2 y2
2
2
2
2

Algebraic operations
on complex numbers
Note

that the sum, the difference, the product


and the quotient of two complex numbers is
another complex number.
If z1, z2 C, then
z1+ z2 C,
z1- z2 C,
z1 z2 C,
and z1 z2 C.

Equal Complex Numbers


Let z1= x1+ y1i and z2= x2+ y2i.
If z1 = z2,
then x1+ y1i = x2+ y2i,

x1- x2 = y2i - y1i


x1- x2 = (y2 - y1)i
It is not possible that a real number is equal to
an imaginary number, unless
x1- x2 = 0 and
y 2 - y 1= 0
x1 = x2
and
y2 = y 1

Equal Complex Numbers


Let z1= x1+ y1i

and z2= x2+ y2i.

z1 = z2 if and only if x1 = x2 and y2 = y1.


z1 = z2 x1 = x2 and y2 = y1.

The Argand Diagram


Similar to the coordinate
plane.
The x-axis is now the real
axis.
The y-axis is now the
imaginary axis.
A complex number a + bi is
represented by the point
P(a, b)

y (the imaginary axis)

P(a, b)

a x (the real axis)

Modulus and Argument


Given the complex number
z = x + yi.
The modulus of the complex
number z is | z | x 2 y 2

P(x, y)

This is the same as the


mod z | z | x 2 y 2
distance OP.
The argument of the
y
complex number z is , the
tan
x
angle of inclination OP with
1 y
arg
z

tan
the real axis.
x

Modulus and Conjugates


If

z = x + yi, then mod z | z | x 2 y 2

The
zz*

conjugate of z is z* = x yi.

= (x + yi)(x yi) = x2 + y2.

Thus,

zz* = |z|2.

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