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Control Charts: Walter A. Shewhart

Control charts were originally developed by Walter A. Shewhart and are used to monitor variation in the characteristics of products or services over time. Control charts come in two main types - attributes charts for categorical data and variables charts for continuous data. Attributes charts include c-charts for counting defects and p-charts for proportions, while variables charts include x-bar and R charts to monitor the process average and variation. The control limits on the charts indicate whether a process is stable or if an assignable cause is present requiring investigation.

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108 views28 pages

Control Charts: Walter A. Shewhart

Control charts were originally developed by Walter A. Shewhart and are used to monitor variation in the characteristics of products or services over time. Control charts come in two main types - attributes charts for categorical data and variables charts for continuous data. Attributes charts include c-charts for counting defects and p-charts for proportions, while variables charts include x-bar and R charts to monitor the process average and variation. The control limits on the charts indicate whether a process is stable or if an assignable cause is present requiring investigation.

Uploaded by

mimossmart26036
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Charts

originally developed by

Walter A. Shewhart

Control Charts
The control chart is a
statistical quality control tool
used in the monitoring variation
in the characteristics of
a product or service

Control Charts
The control chart focuses
on the time dimension and
the nature of the variability
in the system.

Control Charts
The control chart may be
used to study past
performance and/or to
evaluate present conditions.

Control Charts
Data collected from a
control chart may form the
basis for process
improvement.

Control Charts

Control Charts

UCL = Process Average + 3 Standard Deviations


LCL = Process Average - 3 Standard Deviations
X

UCL
+ 3

Process
Average

- 3

LCL
TIME
Levine, Prentic-Hall

Control Charts

Assignable
Cause time
Variation 60

Graph of sample data plotted over


X
UCL

40

Mean Process
Average

LCL

20
0
Random
Variation

5
7
Time

Levine, Prentice-Hall

11

Control Charts
X

Common Cause
Variation: no points
outside control limit

Special Cause
Variation: two points
outside control limit
Levine, Prentice-Hall

Downward Pattern:
no points outside
control limit;
however, eight or
more points in trend

Control Charts
Attribute charts
Variables charts

Control Charts
Charts may
be used for
categorical
variables.
[i.e.: attributes]

Control Charts
Whenever a character of
interest is measured on a
nominative or an interval,
ie: categorical, scalean
attributes control chart is used
to monitor a process.

Control Charts
Attributes Control Charts
counts
[c-chart]
proportion [p-charts]

Control Charts
Attributes Control Charts
when sample size are not constant

and/or are unknown


use counts charts
[c-charts]

Control Charts
c Chart for num_defect
20

UCL = 19.49

16

12
Centerline = 10.00
8
4
LCL = 0.51

0
1.0

3.0
2.0

5.0
4.0

7.0
6.0

9.0
8.0

11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0


10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

Control Charts
Attributes Control Charts
when sample size are constant
and are known
use proportion charts
[p-charts]

Control Charts
p Chart for defects/100
0.15
0.12
UCL = 0.10

0.09
0.06
Centerline = 0.04
0.03
0

LCL = 0.00
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 27.0 29.0
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

Control Charts
Charts may
be used for
interval or
ratio data
[i.e.: variables ]

Control Charts
Whenever a character of
interest is measured on an
interval or a ratio scale, a
variables control chart is
used to monitor a process.

Control Charts
Variables Control Charts
Mean and Range charts
[x-bar & R charts]

Control Charts
Variables control charts are
typically used used in pairs.
one chart monitors process
average while the other monitors
the variation in a process.

Control Charts
pX-bar
ChartChart
for defects/100
for observa
0.15

214

0.12
210

p
X-bar

UCL = 208.21

UCL = 0.10

206

0.09

Centerline = 203.98

202

0.06

LCL = 199.75

198

Centerline = 0.04

0.03
194
1900

LCL = 0.00
1.0 3.03.0 5.05.07.0 7.09.0 9.0
11.0 15.0
13.017.015.019.017.0
21.0 27.0
23.029.025.0
1.0
11.0 13.0
21.0 19.0
23.0 25.0
2.0 4.04.0 6.0 6.08.0 8.0
12.0 16.0
14.018.016.0
22.0 28.0
24.030.0
2.0
10.0 10.0
12.0 14.0
20.018.0
22.0 20.0
24.0 26.0

Control Charts
Range Chart for observa
15
UCL = 13.24

Range

12
9
6

Centerline = 5.80

3
0

LCL = 0.00
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

Control Charts
In conclusion:
the control chart is a means of
monitoring variation in the
characteristics of
a product or service

Control Charts
Know the
assumptions
let the
computer do
the hard work.

Control Charts

Questions?

ANOVA

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