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Engineering Graphics: Course No. 4

This document discusses technical drawing and engineering graphics. It describes two main systems of projection used in technical drawings - the European system and American system. The European system uses an opaque plane and projects views of an object onto orthogonal planes. The American system uses a transparent cutting plane to produce intersecting views. The document also discusses different types of surfaces that make up objects, such as ruled, single-curved, and double-curved surfaces. It describes how to create sections and intersections of surfaces on technical drawings.

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62 views21 pages

Engineering Graphics: Course No. 4

This document discusses technical drawing and engineering graphics. It describes two main systems of projection used in technical drawings - the European system and American system. The European system uses an opaque plane and projects views of an object onto orthogonal planes. The American system uses a transparent cutting plane to produce intersecting views. The document also discusses different types of surfaces that make up objects, such as ruled, single-curved, and double-curved surfaces. It describes how to create sections and intersections of surfaces on technical drawings.

Uploaded by

vic70r9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Course No. 4

Conf. Ph. D. Eng. LIGIA PETRESCU

22-Dec-14

5 BASICS OF THE TECHNICAL DRAWING


This chapter is dedicate to the ways and methods of describing shape and size of three-dimensional objects.
To design and then communicate every detail to manufacturing groups, descriptions must be prepared that
show every aspect of the shape and size of each part and of the complete machine or structure.
Shape can be described by projections; orthographic projection or view could be defined as any single
projection made by dropping perpendiculars to a plane.
Extending the three-orthogonal projection of a point to an object, in chapter 4 it can see how look three
projections or views of an object. This way to represent the object in the same plane (epura of the object),
give correctly the three-dimensional shape of the object.

5.1 SYSTEMS OF PROJECTIONS


A system of projection is compound by
four elements:
1. the observers eye;
2. the rays formed by lines of sight;
3. the object to be projected;
4. the plane of projection.
the
observers
eye
(at the )

the
object

the
observers
eye
(at the )
rays

Fig. 5.1
22-Dec-14

According to the space order of these four elements there


are two principal systems of projections:
European system
American system.

opaque
projection
plane

transparent
projection
plane

the
object

rays

Fig. 5.2
2

5.2 THE SIX PRINCIPAL VIEWS OF AN OBJECT


[N]

European system

Some time, when the object is a complicate


shaped one, three projections are not enough to define all shape, size
and dimensional aspects of the object. Then other projections are
needed and the three projection planes known are completed by other
three planes [N], [F] and [P], parallel each other to the first three (fig.
5.3).

[V]

[P]

[L]

[H]

[F]

Fig. 5.3

[N]

Now, the object is entirely surrounded by a set of six planes,


each at right angles to the four adjacent to it. It results a six
faces box and the object is projected on every face, from the
front, top, left side, right side, bottom and rear.
The new views or projections are symmetrical to the others,
but some edges are hidden (dashed line).

BOTTOM VIEW
[P]

FRONT VIEW
PRINCIPAL VIEW

RIGHT-SIDE
VIEW

[H]

22-Dec-14

[L]

[V]

TOP VIEW

LEFT-SIDE
VIEW

[F]

REAR VIEW

Fig. 5.4
3

European system

BOTTOM VIEW

RIGHT-SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW PRINCIPAL VIEW

LEFT-SIDE VIEW
REAR VIEW

Fig. 5.5
TOP VIEW

22-Dec-14

American system
In the American system of projections (fig. 5.5), the box is a
glass, transparent one, and is cut in long of the intersection
between the plane [F] and [L], [H] and [P], [H] and [F],
[H] and [L], [N] and [P], [N] and [F], [N] and [L]. The front view
is already in the plane of the paper and than, (fig. 5.6), all the
other sides are hinged and rotated into position as shown.

[H]

[F]

[P]
[H]

[L]
[N]

TOP VIEW

[V]
[F]

Fig. 5.6

REAR VIEW

Fig. 5.7

22-Dec-14

[P]

[L]

[V]

FRONT VIEW
PRINCIPAL VIEW

LEFT-SIDE
VIEW

[N]

RIGHT-SIDE
VIEW

BOTTOM VIEW

American system

TOP VIEW

LEFT-SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW PRINCIPAL VIEW

RIGHT-SIDE VIEW

REAR VIEW

Fig. 5.8
BOTTOM VIEW

22-Dec-14

VIEWS

European
System

American
System

22-Dec-14

TITLE BLOCK
Name

Sign.

L - 04

Student
Professor

(Fac. Year Group)


121 E

1:1

Student
No.

(Drawing Name)

22.11.2014

A(b x a)

22-Dec-14

5.5 COMBINATION OF SURFACES TO MAKE AN OBJECT


Any object, depending upon its shape and space position, may have some different surfaces, not only planes.
In engineering, curved surfaces will frequently occur.
Geometrically, shafts, bolts, and pipes are cylinders, cones or portions of them.

5.5.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACES.


Any surface may be considered to be generated by a line, called the generatrix, which moves according
to some law in long of a directrix. Any position of the generatrix is called an element of the surface.
Surfaces may thus be divided into two general classes:
ruled surfaces those which can be generated by a moving straight line:
planes may be generated by a straight line moving so as to touch two other intersecting or
parallel straight lines;
single-polygonal or single-curved surfaces have their elements either parallel or
intersecting (prism, cylinder, pyramid, cone);
warped surfaces have no two consecutive elements either parallel or intersecting (the
surface of a screw thread, that of an airplane wing).
double-curved surfaces those which can be generated only by a moving curved line (the commonest
forms are surfaces of revolution, made by revolving a curve about an axis in the same plane):
sphere (Fig. 5.10 a);
ellipsoid (Fig. 5.10 b);
paraboloid (Fig. 5.10 c);
hyperboloid (Fig. 5.10 d);
torus or ring (Fig. 5.10 e).
22-Dec-14

A part of a ruled surface ended by two parallel planes (lower and upper base), a plane (base) and
the point directrix (vertex), or a revolution surface is also named geometrical solid (or body).
The farthest generatrix or edges which make the contour of a geometrical solid are named
extreme generatrix.
Point
directrix

Polygonal
directrix

Straight line
generatrix

a).

Curved
directrix

Straight line
generatrix

Polygonal
directrix

b).

c).

Curved
directrix

d).

Fig. 5.9
22-Dec-14

10

Circle
generatrix

Ellipse
generatrix

a).

b).
Hyperbola
generatrix

Parabola
generatrix

d).
22-Dec-14

Circle
directrix

Circle
directrix

e).
Fig. 5.10

Circle
generatrix

f).
11

5.6 SURFACES IN INTERSECTIONS


The intersection of two surfaces is a common line to both surfaces. This line is often called transition line.
The process of finding this line consists in drawing elements (generatrix) of one surface and locating the
points at which these elements pierce the other surface.

5.6.1 INTERSECTION OF A SURFACE AND A PLANE


If a surface is intersected or cut by a plane, then a plane figure is obtained on the cutting plane. This figure
is called a section. The contour of the section is formed by points in which consecutive elements of the surface
intersect the cutting plane.
There are two types of sections:
1. transverse section, when all generatrix are cut by the cutting plane;
2. longitudinal section, when the cutting plane contains two generatrix.

a).

b).

c).

d).

Fig. 5.11
A section is indicated by section lining or crosshatching, which are light (fine) lines, generally inclined at 45,
spaced uniformly
22-Dec-14

12

a).

b).

c).

d).

Fig. 5.12

The sphere intersection with a plane, not important the position


of this cutting plane, is a circle.

The maximum section obtained with a cutting plane parallel to the


horizontal plane, is a circle named the equator, and those made
by a plane parallel to the vertical plane, is the principal meridian
(zero meridian).

22-Dec-14

Fig. 5.13

13

5.6.2 INTERSECTION BETWEEN TWO SURFACES OR GEOMETRICAL SOLIDS.


According to their axes relative position, there are three different cases, but the first two are usually used:
1. the same axis for different surfaces;
2. intersecting axes;
3. skew axes.

Fig. 5.14
The spheres
method of
intersection

Fig. 5.15
22-Dec-14

14

b).

a).
Fig. 5.16

22-Dec-14

Fig. 5.17

15

Fig. 5.18

Fig. 5.20
22-Dec-14

Fig. 5.19

Fig. 5.21
16

5.6.3 FILLETS AND ROUNDS.


In practice, parts produced by casting or forging have rounded corners. A rounded internal corner
(Fig. 5.22, 5.24) is called a fillet and a rounded external corner (Fig. 5.23, 5.24) is called a round.
fillet

round

Fig. 5. 22

fillet

Fig. 5. 23

round

Fig. 5. 24

Fillets and rounds are more easily produced on cast or forged parts than are sharp corners.
While rounds improve the appearance of a part, fillets increase the strength and soundness of a part.
When a curved surface intersects a plane surface, a definite edge or real edge is formed (Fig. 5.22),
but when a curved surface is tangent to a plane surface, no line should be drawn (Fig. 5.23).
22-Dec-14

17

Intersection between curved surfaces can be filleted, than means the transition line, often called edge,
quite it is not a straight line, is no more a definite edge, but an indefinite or unreal edge.

Filleted intersections eliminate sharp edges, but sometimes make difficult to present a clear shape description.
To represent in drawings such edges, the heavy continuous line (Fig. 5.16, 5.17, 5.19) changes in a thin (fine)
continuous line, this doesnt intersect any other line, like Fig. 5.25 shows:

a).

b).

c).

Fig. 5.25
22-Dec-14

18

HOME WORK HW- 04: E&A SYSTEM OF PROJECTIONS


1. Represent in both European and American system the object from the image (use both sides of the
paper format A3):

15

15

10

50

47

15

28

87
48

EUROPEAN SYSTEM
OF PROJECTIONS

22-Dec-14

19

LABORATORY L- 04: VIEWS AND SECTIONS


Represent in three projections, a section and two views, the next part (the section will be done by the
symmetry plane, which revolution surfaces axis define):

35

1.

30

R20

22-Dec-14

20

LAB L- 04: THREE ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION


only for mechanics
2. Represent in both European and American system, in three orthogonal projections, the
object from the image.

25

20

20

60

25

27
75

22-Dec-14

21

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