Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 320 views

    8086 Instructions

    Uploaded by

    prof.gulam
    The document describes various data transfer, arithmetic, logic, shift, and rotate instructions that can be used with the 8086/8088 microprocessor. It provides details on instructions like MOV, ADD, AND, SHL, ROL and examples of how they work. Key points covered include how instructions move data between registers and memory, perform arithmetic operations, logical operations, and shift or rotate bits in a register. Examples demonstrate how instruction operands are used and the results of instruction sequences.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    8086 Instructions

    Uploaded by

    prof.gulam
    320 views51 pages
    The document describes various data transfer, arithmetic, logic, shift, and rotate instructions that can be used with the 8086/8088 microprocessor. It provides details on instructions like MOV, ADD, AND, SHL, ROL and examples of how they work. Key points covered include how instructions move data between registers and memory, perform arithmetic operations, logical operations, and shift or rotate bits in a register. Examples demonstrate how instruction operands are used and the results of instruction sequences.

    Original Description:

    8086 instructions with examples

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document describes various data transfer, arithmetic, logic, shift, and rotate instructions that can be used with the 8086/8088 microprocessor. It provides details on instructions like MOV, ADD, AND, SHL, ROL and examples of how they work. Key points covered include how instructions move data between registers and memory, perform arithmetic operations, logical operations, and shift or rotate bits in a register. Examples demonstrate how instruction operands are used and the results of instruction sequences.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    320 views51 pages

    8086 Instructions

    Uploaded by

    prof.gulam
    The document describes various data transfer, arithmetic, logic, shift, and rotate instructions that can be used with the 8086/8088 microprocessor. It provides details on instructions like MOV, ADD, AND, SHL, ROL and examples of how they work. Key points covered include how instructions move data between registers and memory, perform arithmetic operations, logical operations, and shift or rotate bits in a register. Examples demonstrate how instruction operands are used and the results of instruction sequences.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 51

    8086 MICROPROCESSOR

    INSTRUCTIONS AND
    PROGRAMMING

    8088/8086 MICROPROCESSOR
    PROGRAMMING INTEGER
    INSTRUCTIONS AND COMPUTATIONS
    5.1 Data-Transfer Instructions
    5.2 Arithmetic Instructions
    5.3 Logic Instructions
    5.4 Shift Instructions
    5.5 Rotate Instructions

    Data-Transfer Instructions
    The data-transfer functions provide the ability to move data

    either between its internal registers or between an internal


    register and a storage location in memory
    The data-transfer functions include
    MOV (Move byte or word)
    XCHG (Exchange byte or word)
    XLAT (Translate byte)
    LEA (Load effective address)
    LDS (Load data segment)
    LES (Load extra segment)

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    The MOVE Instruction
    The move (MOV) instruction is used to transfer a byte or a

    word of data from a source operand to a destination operand

    e.g.

    MOV DX, CS
    MOV [SUM], AX

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    The MOVE Instruction
    Note that the MOV instruction cannot transfer data directly

    between external memory

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    The MOVE Instruction
    MOV DX, CS

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    The MOVE Instruction
    MOV DX, CS

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:

    What is the effect of executing the instruction?


    MOV CX, [SOURCE_MEM],
    where SOURCE_MEM equal to 2016 is a memory location
    offset relative to the current data segment starting at 1A00016
    Solution:
    ((DS)0+2016)
    (CL)
    ((DS)0+2016+116)
    (CH)
    Therefore CL is loaded with the contents held at memory address
    1A00016 + 2016 = 1A02016
    and CH is loaded with the contents of memory address
    1A00016 + 2016 +116 = 1A02116

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    The XCHG Instruction
    The exchange (XCHG) instruction can be used to swap data

    between two general-purpose registers or between a general


    purpose register and a storage location in memory

    e.g.

    XCHG AX, DX

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:

    What is the result of executing the following instruction?


    XCHG [SUM], BX
    where SUM = 123416, (DS)=120016
    Solution:

    ((DS)0+SUM)
    (BX)
    PA = 1200016 + 123416=1323416
    Execution of the instruction performs the following 16-bit swap:
    (1323416)
    (BL)
    (1323516)
    (BH)
    So we get (BX) = 00FF16, (SUM) = 11AA16

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    The XCHG Instruction
    XCHG [SUM], BX

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    The XCHG Instruction
    XCHG [SUM], BX

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    The XLAT Instruction
    The translate (XLAT) instruction is used to simplify

    implementation of the lookup-table operation.


    Execution of the XLAT replaces the contents of AL by the

    contents of the accessed lookup-table location

    e.g.

    PA = (DS)0 + (BX) + (AL)


    = 0300016 + 010016 + 0D16 = 0310D16
    (0310D16)
    (AL)

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    The LEA, LDS, and LES Instructions
    The LEA, LDS, LES instructions provide the ability to

    manipulate memory addresses by loading either a 16-bit offset


    address into a general-purpose register or a register together
    with a segment address into either DS or ES

    e.g.

    LEA SI, [DI+BX+5H]

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    The LEA, LDS, and LES Instructions
    LDS SI, [200H]

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    The LEA, LDS, and LES Instructions
    LDS SI, [200H]

    Data-Transfer Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    Initializing the internal registers of the 8088 from a table in

    memory
    Solution:

    Arithmetic Instructions
    The arithmetic instructions include
    Addition
    Subtraction
    Multiplication
    Division

    Data formats
    Unsigned binary bytes
    Signed binary bytes
    Unsigned binary words
    Signed binary words
    Unpacked decimal bytes
    Packed decimal bytes
    ASCII numbers

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    Addition Instructions: ADD, ADC, INC, AAA, DAA

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    Addition Instructions: ADD, ADC, INC, AAA, DAA

    Allowed operands
    for INC instruction
    Allowed operands for ADD and
    ADC instructions

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    Assume that the AX and BX registers contain 110016 and

    0ABC16, respectively. What is the result of executing the


    instruction ADD AX, BX?
    Solution:

    (BX)+(AX)= 0ABC16 + 110016=1BBC16


    The sum ends up in destination register AX. That is

    (AX) = 1BBC16

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    Addition Instructions: ADD, ADC, INC, AAA, DAA
    ADD AX, BX

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    Addition Instructions: ADD, ADC, INC, AAA, DAA
    ADD AX, BX

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    The original contents of AX, BL, word-size memory location

    SUM, and carry flag (CF) are 123416, AB16, 00CD16, and 016,
    respectively. Describe the results of executing the following
    sequence of instruction?
    ADD AX, [SUM]
    ADC BL, 05H
    INC WORD PTR [SUM]
    Solution:

    (AX)
    (BL)
    (SUM)

    (AX)+(SUM) = 123416 + 00CD16 =130116


    (BL)+imm8+(CF) = AB16 + 516+016 = B016
    (SUM)+ 116 = 00CD16 + 116 = 00CE16

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:

    What is the result of executing the following instruction


    sequence?
    ADD AL, BL
    AAA
    Assuming that AL contains 3216 (ASCII code for 2) and BL
    contains 3416 (ASCII code 4), and that AH has been cleared
    Solution:

    (AL)
    (AL)+(BL)= 3216 + 3416=6616
    The result after the AAA instruction is
    (AL) = 0616
    (AH) = 0016
    with both AF and CF remain cleared

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    Perform a 32-bit binary add operation on the contents of the

    processors register.
    Solution:

    (DX,CX)
    (DX,CX)+(BX,AX)
    (DX,CX) = FEDCBA9816
    (BX,AX) = 0123456716
    MOV DX, 0FEDCH
    MOV CX, 0BA98H
    MOV BX, 01234H
    MOV AX, 04567H
    ADD CX, AX
    ADC DX, BX ;

    Add with carry

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    Subtraction Instructions: SUB, SBB, DEC, AAS, DAS, and

    NEG

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    Subtraction Instructions: SUB, SBB, DEC, AAS, DAS, and

    NEG

    Allowed operands for


    SUB and SBB instructions

    Allowed operands Allowed operands


    for DEC instruction for NEG instruction

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    Assuming that the contents of register BX and CX are 123416

    and 012316, respectively, and the carry flag is 0, what is the


    result of executing the instruction SBB BX, CX?
    Solution:

    (BX)-(CX)-(CF) (BX)
    We get
    (BX) = 123416 012316 016
    = 111116
    the carry flag remains cleared

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    Assuming that the register BX contains 003A16, what is the

    result of executing the following instruction?


    NEG BX
    Solution:

    (BX) = 000016-(BX)=000016+2complement of 003A16


    = 000016+FFC616
    = FFC616
    Since no carry is generated in this add operation, the carry flag
    is complemented to give (CF) = 1

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    Perform a 32-bit binary subtraction for variable X and Y

    Solution:

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    Multiplication Instructions: MUL, DIV, IMUL, IDIV, AAM,

    AAD, CBW, and CWD

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    Multiplication Instructions: MUL, DIV, IMUL, IDIV, AAM,

    AAD, CBW, and CWD

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    The 2s-complement signed data contents of AL are 1 and
    that of CL are 2. What result is produced in AX by executing
    the following instruction?
    MUL CL and IMUL CL
    Solution:
    (AL) = -1 (as 2s complement) = 111111112 = FF16
    (CL) = -2 (as 2s complement) = 111111102 = FE16
    Executing the MUL instruction gives
    (AX) =
    Executing the IMUL instruction gives
    2=11111101000000102=FD0216
    (AX) = -116 x 11111111
    -216 = 216 =2x11111110
    000216

    Arithmetic Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    What is the result of executing the following instructions?
    MOV AL, 0A1H
    CBW
    CWD
    Solution:
    (AL) = A116 = 101000012
    Executing the CBW instruction extends the MSB of AL
    (AH) = 111111112 = FF16
    or (AX) = 11111111101000012
    Executing the CWD instruction, we get
    (DX) = 11111111111111112 = FFFF16
    That is, (AX) = FFA116 (DX) = FFFF16

    Logic Instructions
    The logic instructions include
    AND
    OR
    XOR (Exclusive-OR)
    NOT

    Logic Instructions (cont.)


    Logic instructions : AND, OR, XOR, NOT

    Allowed operands for AND, OR, and


    XOR instructions

    Allowed operands
    for NOT instruction

    Logic Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    Describe the results of executing the following instructions?

    MOV AL, 01010101B


    AND AL, 00011111B
    OR AL, 11000000B
    XOR AL, 00001111B
    NOT AL

    Solution:
    (AL)=010101012 000111112= 000101012=1516

    Executing the OR instruction, we get


    (AL)= 000101012 +110000002= 110101012=D516

    Executing the XOR instruction, we get


    (AL)= 110101012 000011112= 110110102=DA16

    Executing the NOT instruction, we get


    (AL)= (NOT)110110102 = 001001012=2516

    Logic Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    Masking and setting bits in a register

    Solution:

    Mask off the upper 12 bits of the word of data in AX


    AND AX, 000F16
    Setting B4 of the byte at the offset address CONTROL_FLAGS
    MOV AL, [CONTROL_FLAGS]
    OR
    AL, 10H
    MOV [CONTROL_FLAGS], AL
    Executing the above instructions, we get
    (AL)=XXXXXXXX2 +000100002= XXX1XXXX2

    Shift Instructions
    Shift instructions: SHL, SHR, SAL, SAR

    Shift Instructions (cont.)


    Shift instructions: SHL, SHR, SAL, SAR

    Allowed operands for shift instructions

    Shift Instructions (cont.)


    Shift instructions: SHL, SHR, SAL, SAR

    SHL AX, 1

    SHR AX, CL
    (CL)=2

    SAR AX, CL
    (CL)=2

    Shift Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    Assume that CL contains 0216 and AX contains 091A16.
    Determine the new contents of AX and the carry flag after the
    instruction SAR AX, CL is executed
    Solution:
    (AX)=00000010010001102=024616
    and the carry flag is (CF)=12

    Shift Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    Isolate the bit B3 of the byte at the offset address

    CONTROL_FLAGS.
    Solution:

    MOV AL, [CONTROL_FLAGS]


    MOV CL, 04H
    SHR AL, CL
    Executing the instructions, we get
    (AL)=0000B7B6B5B4 and (CF)=B3

    Rotate Instructions
    Rotate instructions: ROL, ROR, RCL, RCR

    Rotate Instructions (cont.)


    Rotate instructions: ROL, ROR, RCL, RCR

    Rotate Instructions (cont.)


    Rotate instructions: ROL, ROR, RCL, RCR

    ROL AX, 1

    ROR AX, CL
    (CL)=4

    Rotate Instructions (cont.)


    Rotate instructions: ROL, ROR, RCL, RCR

    For RCL, RCR, the bits are rotate through the carry flag

    Rotate Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    What is the result in BX and CF after execution of the

    following instructions?
    RCR BX, CL
    Assume that, prior to execution of the instruction,
    (CL)=0416, (BX)=123416, and (CF)=0
    Solution:

    The original contents of BX are


    (BX) = 00010010001101002 = 123416
    Execution of the RCR command causes a 4-bit
    rotate right through carry to take place on the data
    in BX, the results are
    (BX) = 10000001001000112 = 812316
    (CF) = 02

    Rotate Instructions (cont.)


    EXAMPLE:
    Disassembly and addition of 2 hexadecimal digits stored as a

    byte in memory.
    Solution:
    MOV AL, [HEX_DIGITS]
    MOV BL, AL
    MOV CL, 04H
    ROR BL, CL
    AND AL, 0FH
    AND BL, 0FH

    ADD AL, BL

    You might also like