The document discusses various topics in strength of materials including:
- Stress is defined as the ratio of applied load to cross-sectional area. Different types of stress are discussed including normal, shear, and tangential stresses.
- Strain is defined as the change in length due to an applied stress. Hooke's law states stress is proportional to strain.
- Material properties like elastic limit, proportional limit, ultimate strength, and modulus of elasticity are explained.
- Thermal stresses from expansion and contraction are discussed.
- Additional topics covered include thin-walled pressure vessels, torsion, springs, cables, and their related stress equations.
The document discusses various topics in strength of materials including:
- Stress is defined as the ratio of applied load to cross-sectional area. Different types of stress are discussed including normal, shear, and tangential stresses.
- Strain is defined as the change in length due to an applied stress. Hooke's law states stress is proportional to strain.
- Material properties like elastic limit, proportional limit, ultimate strength, and modulus of elasticity are explained.
- Thermal stresses from expansion and contraction are discussed.
- Additional topics covered include thin-walled pressure vessels, torsion, springs, cables, and their related stress equations.
The document discusses various topics in strength of materials including:
- Stress is defined as the ratio of applied load to cross-sectional area. Different types of stress are discussed including normal, shear, and tangential stresses.
- Strain is defined as the change in length due to an applied stress. Hooke's law states stress is proportional to strain.
- Material properties like elastic limit, proportional limit, ultimate strength, and modulus of elasticity are explained.
- Thermal stresses from expansion and contraction are discussed.
- Additional topics covered include thin-walled pressure vessels, torsion, springs, cables, and their related stress equations.
The document discusses various topics in strength of materials including:
- Stress is defined as the ratio of applied load to cross-sectional area. Different types of stress are discussed including normal, shear, and tangential stresses.
- Strain is defined as the change in length due to an applied stress. Hooke's law states stress is proportional to strain.
- Material properties like elastic limit, proportional limit, ultimate strength, and modulus of elasticity are explained.
- Thermal stresses from expansion and contraction are discussed.
- Additional topics covered include thin-walled pressure vessels, torsion, springs, cables, and their related stress equations.
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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Engr. Antonio Valente Macarilay
Strength of Materials deals with the nature and effects of
stresses in the parts of engineering
structures Its principal object is to determine the proper size and form of pieces which have to bear given loads, or, conversely, to determine the loads which can be safely applied to pieces whose dimensions and arrangement are already given.
Stress The ratio of the applied load to the
cross-sectional area of an element
experiencing the force.
TYPES OF SIMPLE STRESS
1. Normal / Axial Stress With normal stress, , the area is normal to the force carried. P
=P/A P = Tensile / Compressive Load A = Cross Sectional Area P
2. SHEARING STRESS a. Single Shear
P P
AS
d Sheared area
2 = P/A A = Total Sheared Area
Double Shear
P P
Sheared area
A = 2 D2 / 4
= P/A A = Total Sheared Area
Punching Shear
Sheared Area
As = D t
p = P / As
II. THIN-WALLED CYLINDERS
a. Tangential Stress P L
t P
Di
St = D/2t = pressure in N/mm2 D = inside diameter t = thickness in mm
BARLOW FORMULA
b. Longitudinal Stress
SL = D/4t = pressure in N/mm2 D = inside diameter t = thickness in mm
Thermal Stress Linear Expansion
L = L L (T) Volumetric Expansion
V = V V (T)
Stress due to Thermal Expansion
Strain A measure of the deformation of the
material that is dimensionless.
The change of shape produced by
stress
= L / L Where: = strain L = change in length L = original length
Hookes Law Stress is directly proportional to Strain
= E ; E = / named after the physicist Robert Hooke, 1676
= Stress = Strain E = Modulus of Elasticity (Youngs Modulus) (GPa)
Poissons Ratio the ratio of transverse contraction strain to
longitudinal extension strain in the direction of
stretching force Tensile deformation is considered positive and compressive deformation is considered negative
= - lateral / longitudinal
Stress Strain Graph
Elastic Limit the
point at which permanent
deformation occurs, that is, after the elastic limit, if the force is taken off the sample, it will not return to its original size and shape, permanent deformation has occurred.
Proportional Limit The
greatest stress at which a
material is capable of sustaining the applied load without deviating from the proportionality of stress to strain.
Ultimate Strength (Tensile)
The maximum stress a material
withstands when subjected to an
applied load. The stress required to produce rupture.
Yield Strength Stress at which material exceeds
the elastic limit and will not return to
its origin shape or length if the stress is removed.
Working Stress the actual stress of a material under
a given loading
Allowable Stress The maximum safe stress that a
material can carry
Factor of Safety The ratio of ultimate strength to
allowable strength
The condition under which the stress is
constant or uniform is known as
A.
Simple stress
B.
Shearing stress
C.
Tangential stress
D.
Normal stress
The highest ordinate on the stress-strain curve
is called
A.
rupture stress
B.
elastic limit
C.
ultimate stress or ultimate strength
D.
proportional limit
Shearing stress is also known as
A.
Simple stress
B.
Shearing stress
C.
Tangential stress
D.
Normal stress
Stress caused by forces perpendicular to the
areas on which they act is called
A.
Simple stress
B.
Shearing stress
C.
Tangential stress
D.
Normal stress
What type of stress is produced whenever the
applied load cause one section of a body to tend to slide past its adjacent section? A.
normal stress
B.
sliding stress
C.
shearing stress
D.
bearing stress
The ratio of the unit lateral deformation to the
unit longitude deformation is called
A.
compressibility
B.
bulk modulus
C.
shear modulus
D.
Poissons ratio
It describes the length elasticity of the material.
A.
Bulk modulus
B.
Youngs modulus or tensile modulus
C.
Modulus of Compressibility
D.
Shear modulus
Determine the outside diameter of a hollow
steel tube that will carry a tensile load of 500 kN at a stress of 140 MPa. Assume the wall thickness to be one-tenth of the outside diameter.
A. 132 mm
C. 113 mm
B. 143 mm
D. 133 mm
What force is required to punch a 20mm diameter hole through a 10mm thick plate having ultimate strength of 450 MPa? a.) 283 kN b.) 312 kN
c.) 382 kN d.) 293 kN
A spherical pressure vessel 400-mm in
diameter has a uniform thickness of 6 mm. The vessel contains gas under a pressure of 8 MPa. If the ultimate tensile stress of the material is 420 MPa, what is the factor of safety with respect to tensile failure? A. 3.15
C. 3.4
B. 1.90
D. 2.6
A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 150
mm2 is stretched between two fixed points. The tensile load at 20C is 5000 N. What will be the stress at -20C? Assume =11.7 m/m C and E=200x109 N/m2.
A. 112.8 MPa
C. 132.4 MPa
B. 117.9 MPa
D. 126.9 MPa
Elongation ()
= PL / AE P = Force L = Original Length A = Cross Sectional Area E = Youngs Modulus
Elongation due to Weight ()
2 gL
/ 2E
= unit mass g = gravity E = Youngs Modulus
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of
300mm2 and length of 150 m is suspended vertically from one end .It supports a load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E=200 GPa, find the total elongation of the rod. A. 33.45 mm
C. 53.44 mm
B. 54.33 mm
D. 35.44 mm
The straight-line portion of the stress-strain
diagram has slope equal to the _____________of the material.
A.
modulus of rigidity
B.
compressibility
C.
modulus of elasticity
D.
shear modulus
The stress beyond which the material will not
return to its original shape when unloaded is called A.
elastic limit
B.
maximum stress
C.
ultimate stress
D.
allowable stress
Torsion In solid mechanics, it is the twisting
of an object due to an applied
torque
Torsion MAX = T*r / J
MAX = maximum shear stress
J = polar moment of inertia r = outer radius of the shaft
= TL / JG T = Torque L = Length J = Polar Moment of Inertia G = Shear Modulus
Power Transmitted by Shaft
P = T = T(2f) or P = 2 T n P = power (W) T = Torque (Nm) f = frequency (Hz) n = angular speed (rev/s)
What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel
shaft that will not twist through more than 3 in a 6-m length when subjected to a torque of 14 kN-m? Use G=83 GN/m2. A. 118 mm B. 145 mm C. 122 mm D. 113 mm
Determine the length of the shortest 2-mm
diameter bronze wire which can be twisted through two complete turns without exceeding a shearing stress of 70 MPa. Use G=35 GPa. A. 6280 mm B. 3420 mm C. 1280 mm D. 1658 mm
Spring device made of an elastic material
that undergoes a significant change
in shape, or deformation, under an applied load
Helical Spring a spiral wound wire with a constant
coil diameter and uniform pitch
Common Forms: Compression Spring Tension Spring
Helical Spring Max Shearing Stress Approximate: Exact:
max
max
16PR d
3 d 4R
16PR 4m 1 0.615
3 d 4m 4 m
R = mean radius of spring (D is mean diameter)
d = diameter of wire m = D/d
Spring Deformation L
= 64PR3n / Gd4
Determine the maximum shearing stress in a
helical steel spring composed of 20 turns of 20mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 80 mm when the spring is supporting a load of 2kN. A. 120.6 MPa B. 117.9 MPa C. 132.4 MPa D. 126.9 MPa
CABLES I. Parabolic
Parabolic Cable Tension at the Support T2 = (L/2)2 + H2 Approximate Length of Cable S = L + 8d2/3L 32d4/5L3 Tension at the Lowest Point H = L2 / 8d
L = Horizontal Span d = sag of cable = weight per unit length
II. Catenary The theoretical shape of a hanging flexible chain or cable when supported at its ends and acted upon by a uniform gravitational force (its own weight) and in equilibrium. The curve has a U shape that is similar in appearance to the parabola, though it is a different curve.
Catenary Cable Tension at the support TL = yL
Re lationship among S, y & c :
S1 y1 c 2 2 2 S2 y 2 c 2
Tension at the support T1 & T2 :
Dis tance Between supports : S y x1 c ln 1 1 c
S y2 x 2 c ln 2
T1 H2 S1 T2
S2
Catenary = weight per unit length y = height of the support (respective) c = minimum clearance from the ground S = cable length (respective)
What tension must be applied at the ends of an
aluminum cable supporting a load of 0.5 kg per horizontal meter in a span of 100 m if the sag is to be limited to 1.25 m? A. 423.42 kg B. 329.82 kg C. 500.62 kg D. 184.29 kg
Calculate the allowable spacing of the two
towers to carry a flexible wire cable weighing 0.03 kg per horizontal meter if the maximum tension at the lowest point is not to exceed 1150 kg at sag of 0.50 m.
A. 248 m
C. 390 m
B. 408 m
D. 422 m
A cable 600 m long weighing 1500 N per meter
has tension of 750 kN at each end. Compute the maximum sag of the cable. A. 200 m
B. 150 m C. 100 m D. 220 m
The light cable supports a mass of 12 kg per
meter of horizontal length and is suspended between the two points on the same level 300 m apart. If the sag is 60 m, find the total length of the cable.
