EEE3233

POWER SYSTEM

CHAPTER 2:
POWER TRANSFORMER
by
Nur Diyana Kamarudin
 Introduction
§ A transformer is a static machines.
§ The word ‘transformer’ comes form the word ‘transform’.
§ Transformer is not an energy conversion device
§ But is a device that changes AC electrical power at one
voltage level into AC electrical power at another
voltage level through the action of magnetic field,
without a change in frequency.
§ Can raise or lower the voltage/current in ac circuit
Transmission System
T X 1 T X 1

Generation Distributions
Station
T X 1
33/13.5kV 13.5/6.6kV

T X 1

6.6kV/415V

Consumer
 Transformer
Construction
§ There are 3 basic parts of transformer:
– A primary coil/winding
  receives energy from the ac source
– A secondary coil/winding
  receives energy from primary winding &
delivers it to the load
– A core that supports the coils/windings.
  provide a path for magnetic lines of flux
§
 Transformer Construction
§ The operation of transformer is based on the principal of
mutual inductance
§ A transformer usually consists of two coils of wire wound
on the same core
§ The primary coil is the input coil while the secondary coil
is the output coil
§ A changing in the primary circuit creates a changing
magnetic field
§ This changing magnetic field induces a changing voltage
in the secondary circuit
§ This effect is called mutual induction
§
 Transformer
Construction
§ Transformer can be either step-up or step-down
transformer
§ If the output voltage of transformer is greater than the
input voltage  step-up transformer
§ If the output voltage of a transformer is less than the
input voltage  step-down transformer
§ By selecting appropriate numbers of turns, a
transformer allows an alternating voltage to be
stepped up – by making Ns more than Np
§ Or stepped down by making Ns less than Np
§
Vs Ns
=
Vp Np
 Example 1
§ There are 400 turns of wire in an iron-
core coil. If this coil is to be used as
the primary of a transformer, how
many turns must be wound on the
coil to form the secondary winding of
the transformer to have a secondary
voltage of one volt if the primary
voltage is 5 volts?
Example 1 (solution)
Transformer Construction
Core characteristic:
§The composition of a transformer core depends on:
§voltage, current, frequency, size limitations and
construction costs
§Commonly used core materials are air, soft iron, and steel
§Air-core transformers are used when the voltage source has
a high frequency (above 20 kHz)
§Iron-core transformers are usually used when the source
frequency is low (below 20 kHz)
§A soft-iron-core transformer is very useful where the
transformer must be physically small, yet efficient
§The iron-core transformer provides better power transfer
than does the air-core transformer
Transformer Construction
§A transformer whose core is constructed of laminated sheets of
steel dissipates heat readily; thus it provides for the efficient
transfer of power.
§The purpose of the laminations is to reduce certain losses which
will be discussed later in this part
§

Hollow-core construction
Transformer Construction
§The most efficient transformer core is one that offers the best
path for the most lines of flux with the least loss in magnetic and
electrical energy
§There are two main shapes of cores used in laminated-steel-
core transformers:
§ Core-type transformers
§ Shell-core transformers
 Transformer
Construction
Shell-core transformers:
qThe most popular and efficient transformer core
§Each layer of the core consists of E- and I-shaped sections of
metal
§These sections are butted together to form the laminations
§The laminations are insulated from each other and then pressed
together to form the core.
Transformer Construction
Core - type construction:
§
so named because the core is shaped with a hollow square
through the center
§
the core is made up of many laminations of steel
 Transformer
Construction
Typical schematic symbols for transformers:
§The bars between the coils are used to indicate an iron core
§Frequently, additional connections are made to the transformer windings at
points other than the ends of the windings
§These additional connections are called TAPS
§When a tap is connected to the center of the winding, it is called a
CENTER TAP
 Ideal Transformer
• For ideal transformer, the following are
assumed:
- The winding have zero resistance;
therefore, the I²R losses in the winding
are zero.
- The core permeability µc is infinite,
which corresponds to zero core
reluctance.
- The are no leakage flux; that is, the
entire flux Φc is confined to the core
and link both windings
 Transformer
Construction

N1 : N2

I1 I2
V1 – Primary Voltage
V1 E1 E2 V2 V2 – Secondary Voltage
E1 – Primary induced Voltage
E2 – secondary induced Voltage
N1:N2 – Transformer ratio
 Transformer
Construction
 No-load condition:
§ is said to exist when a voltage is applied to the primary,
but no load is connected to the secondary
§ Because of the open switch, there is no current flowing
in the secondary winding.
§ With the switch open and an ac voltage applied to the
primary, there is, however, a very small amount of
current called EXCITING CURRENT flowing in the
primary
 Transformer
Construction
 With-load condition:
§ When a load device is connected across the secondary
winding of a transformer, current flows through the
secondary and the load
§ The magnetic field produced by the current in the
secondary interacts with the magnetic field produced
by the current in the primary
§ This interaction results from the mutual inductance
between the primary and secondary windings.
 Transformer Equation
§ Faraday’s Law states that,
– If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will
be induced in the turns of wire. This voltage is
directly proportional to the rate of change in the
flux with respect of time.
•
dΦ(t )
• Vind = Emf ind =−
• dt
• Lenz’s Law
§ If we have N turns of wire,
•
dΦ (t )
 Vind = Emfind = −N
dt
 Transformer Equation
§ For an ac sources,
§Let V(t) = Vm sint
 i(t) = im sint
§ Since the flux is a sinusoidal function;
§ Then: Φ(t ) = Φ sin ωt
m Φ m = Bm x A
§
dΦm sin ωt
• Therefore: Vind = Emf ind = −N
dt
•
= −NωΦm cos ωt
•
§ Thus: Vind = Emf ind (max) = Nω Φ m = 2π fNΦ max

ωΦ π Φ
Emf ind ( rms )
= N m = 2 fN m = 4 . 44 fN Φ max
2 2
 Transformer Equation
§ For an ideal transformer,
§ E 1 = = 4 . 44 fN 1Φ max

E 2 = = 4 . 44 fN 2Φ ………………… (i)
§ max

§ In the equilibrium condition, both the input power will be

equaled to the Input
output power, andpower
this condition is said to
power = output
ideal condition of a transformer.
V1 I 2
§ =
V2 I1

§ V1 I1 = V2 I 2

§
§ E1 = V1 and E2 = V2
§
§ From the ideal transformer circuit, note that,
§
 Transformer Equation
n
E1 N1 I 2
Therefore, = = =a
E 2 N 2 I1

‘a’ = Voltage Transformation Ratio;

Ratio
which will determine whether the transformer is going
to be step-up or step-down

For a >1 E1 > E2 Step-up

For a <1 E 1 < E2 Step-down

 Transformer Equation
§Transformer rating is normally written in terms of
Apparent Power.
Power
§Apparent power is actually the product of its rated
current and rated voltage.
voltage
VA =V1 I1 =V2 I 2

§Where,
§I1 and I2 = rated current on primary and secondary
winding.
§V1 and V2 = rated voltage on primary and secondary
winding.
** Rated currents are actually the full load currents in
transformer
 Example 1
§ 1.5kVA single phase transformer has rated
voltage of 144/240 V. Finds its full load
current.


– Solution:

= 1500 =
I1FL 10.42 A
144
= 1500 =
I2 FL 6A
240
 Example 2
§ A single phase transformer has 400 primary and
1000 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional
area of the core is 60m2. If the primary
winding is connected to a 50Hz supply at
520V, calculate:
– The induced voltage in the secondary
winding
– The peak value of flux density in the core
 Example 2 (solution)
 N1=400 V1=520V A=60m2 N2=1000
V2=?
 a) We know that,
n
N1 V1 400 520
n a = =
N 2 V2 1000
=
V2
V2 = 1300V
n
b) Emf,
n
E = 4 . 44 fN Φ m
n = 4 . 44 fN [ B m × A ]
n known , E 1 = 520 V , E 2 = 1300 V
n E = 4 . 44 fN [ B m × A ]
520 = 4 . 44 ( 50 )( 400 )( B m )( 60 )
B m = 0 0976
. mWb / m 2
 Example 3
§ A 25kVA transformer has 500 turns
on the primary and 50 turns on
the secondary winding. The
primary is connected to 3000V,
50Hz supply. Find:


 a) Full load primary current

 b) The induced voltage in the
secondary winding
 c) The maximum flux in the core
 Example 3 (solution)
 VA = 25kVA N1=500 V1=3000V N2=50
V2=?
VA = V × I
 a) We know that,
VA 25 ×103
a) I1FL = = = 8.33 A
V1 3000
b)


N1 I2
 b) Induced voltage,
a=
N
=
I1
2
a)  8.33 
I 2 = 500  = 83.3 A
b)  50 
c) I  8.33 
E2 = E1 1 = 3000  = 300V
I2  83.3 
d)
 c) Max
E= flux,
4.44 fN Φ
•
300 = 4.44 (50 )( 50 )Φ
Φ=27 mWb