Logarithms
Logarithms
Logarithms
Session
Logarithms
Session Objectives
Session Objectives
1. Definition
2. Laws of logarithms
3. System of logarithms
4. Characteristic and mantissa
5. How to find log using log tables
Logarithms Definition
Base: Any postive real number
other than one
loga N x
Log of N
to the
base a is x
loga N x
ax N
Illustrative Example
The number log27 is
(a) Integer
(b) Rational
(c) Irrational
(d) Prime
Solution:
Log27 is an Irrational number
Why
?
As there is no
rational number,
2 to the power
of which gives 7
x
logb x logb y
y
3) logb xy y logb x
loga x
6) logb x
loga b
Change
of base
7) blogb x x
log x
Let blogb x y logb b b logb y
yx
y
8) logbz x logb x
z
y
Illustrative Example
Simplify log 2 2
2
3
Solution:
log 2 2
2
3
2
log 2 2
3
23
2
log 2
3
2 3
. log 2 log 2
3 2
Illustrative Example
log3 7
log7 3
Solution :
3
log3 7
log3 7
log3 7
log3 7
1
log3 7
log3 7
Hence True
log7 3
True / False ?
Illustrative Example
If ax = b, by = c, cz = a, then the
value of xyz is
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
Solution:
ax b xloga logb
x
logb
log a
Similarly
log c
log a
y
, z
logb
log c
Hence xyz 1
Illustrative Example
Find log tan 0.25
Solution:
log tan 0.25 log tan
4
log 1 0
Illustrative Example
1 1 1
log2.5
...
3 32 33
0.16
Pr ove that
Solution:
1 1 1
log2.5
...
3 32 33
0.16
1/3
log2.5
1 1 / 3
0.16
1/3
log2.5
2 /3
0.16
4
10
10
4
1
log10
2
4
1
log10
2
4
0.4
10
4
1
2
1
2log2.5
2
1
log10
2
4
0.4
1
log2.5
2
Illustrative Example
If log32, log3(2x-5) and log3(2x-7/2)
are in arithmetic progression, then
find the value of x
Solution:
2log3(2x-5) = log32 + log3(2x-7/2)
log3(2x-5)2 = log32.(2x-7/2)
Why
(2x-5)2 = 2.(2x-7/2)
22x -12.2x + 32 = 0, put 2x = y, we get
Illustrative Example
If a2+4b2 = 12ab, then prove that
log(a+2b) is equal to
1
loga logb 4log2
2
Solution:
System of logarithms
Common logarithm: Base = 10
Log10x, also known as Briggs
system
Note: if base is not given base is
taken as 10
Natural logarithm: Base = e
Logex, also denoted as lnx
e 1
1 1
1
....
....
1! 2!
n!
Illustrative Example
Characteristic and
Mantissa
Standard form of decimal
n m 10p where 1 m 10
Example 1234.56 1.23456 103
0.001234 1.234 103
p is characteristic of n log(n)=mantissa+characteristic
log(m) is mantissa of n
n = m x 10p , 1 m < 10
log n p log m
n = m x 10p,
Std. form
m x 10p
abcd
1234.56
1.23456x103
1.2345
1234
0.000123
1.23x10-4
-4
1.23
1230
100
1x102
1000
0.10023
1.0023x10-1
-1
1.0023
1002
Log(n) = p + log(m)
Log(m) = .(x+y)
Log(n) = p + Log(m)
Summarize:
Never neglect 0s
at end or front
Illustrative Example
Find log(1234.56)
n
Std. form
m x 10p
abcd
1234.5
6
1.23456x1
03
1.2345
1234
Note this
Illustrative Example
Find log(0.000123)
n
Std. form
m x 10p
abcd
0.0001
23
1.23x10-4
-4
1.23
1230
To avoid
the
calculations
4.0899
Illustrative Example
Find log(100)
n
Std. form
m x 10p
abcd
100
1x102
1000
Illustrative Example
Find log(0.10023)
n
Std. form
m x 10p
abcd
0.1002
3
1.0023x10
-1
1.0023
1002
-1
To avoid
the
calculations
1.0009
x = 5346
y=2
Illustrative Example
Find Antilog(3.0913)
Solution:
Illustrative Example
Find Antilog(-3.9101)
Solution:
= .(1277+3) x 10-(4-1)
= 0.1280 x 10-3
= 0.0001280
Illustrative Example
Find Antilog (2)
Solution:
4) As d = 0, y = 0
5) Antilog(2) = Antilog(2.0000)
= .(1000+0) x 102+1
= 0.1000 x 103
= 100
Illustrative Example
Find Antilog(-0.9991)
Solution:
Applications
1) Use in Numerical Calculations
2) Calculation of Compound Interest
r
A P 1
100
pn po 1
100
4) Calculation of Depreciation
r
v t vo 1
100
Illustrative Example
Find
563.4 3 0.4573
6.15 3
Solution:
let x
563.4 3 0.4573
log x log
6.15
563.4 3 0.4573
6.15
log 563.4 0.4573 log 6.15
1
log 563.4 log 0.4573 3log 6.15
3
Solution Cont.
1
log 563.4 log 0.4573 3log 6.15
3
1
log 5.634 10 log 4.573 10 1 3log 6.15
3
1
1
log 5.634 2 log 4.573 3log 6.15
3
3
1
1
.7508 2 0.6602 3 0.7889 = 0.2708
3
3
2
Illustrative Example
Find the compound interest on Rs.
20,000 for 6 years at 10% per
annum compounded annually.
Solution:
n
r
10
As A P 1
20000 1
100
100
= 20000 (1.1)6
Solution Cont.
log A = 4.5494
A = antilog (4.5494)
= 0.3543 105
= 35430
Illustrative Example
The population of the city is 80000. If the
population increases annually at the rate
of 7.5%, find the population of the city
after 2 years.
n
r
Solution: As pn po 1
100
2
7.5
p2 80000 1
100
= 80000 (1.075)2
log p2 = log 80000 + 2 log 1.075
Solution Cont.
log p2 = 4.9659
p2 = antilog (4.9659)
= 0.9245 105
= 92450
Illustrative Example
The value of a washing machine
depreciates at the rate of 2% per annum.
If its present value is Rs6250, what will be
its value after 3 years.
t
r
Solution: As v v 1
t
o
100
2
v 2 6250 1
100
= 6250 (0.98)3
log v2 = log 6250 + 3 log 0.98
= log (6.250 103) + 3 log (9.8 101)
= log 6.250 + 3 + 3 log (9.8) 3
= 0.7959 + 3 (0.9912)
Solution Cont.
v2 = antilog (3.7695)
= 0.5882 104
= Rs. 5882
Class Exercise
Class Exercise - 1
Find log2
1728
Solution :
log2 3 1728 x
1728 2 .3
2 3 2 3
2 3
x6
2.
6
Class Exercise - 2
If a2 + b2 = 7ab, prove that
1
log a b log3 loga logb
2
Solution :
a2 + b2 = 7ab
a2 + b2 + 2ab = 9ab
(a + b)2 = 9ab
a b ab 21
a b 3 ab
3
taking log both sides we get
a b
log
log
3
ab
1
2
1
loga logb
2
1
log a b log3 logab
2
Class Exercise - 3
log x log36 log64
Find x, y if
log5 log6
log y
Solution :
2
log5 log6
log6
log6
logx = 2 log5 = log52 = log25
Similarly x = 25
1
log64
1
2 log y log64 log64 2 log8
log y
2
y=8
Class Exercise - 4
If log10 x 2 log100 y 1 find y if x = 2.
Solution :
log10 x 2 log100 y 1
log10 x 2
log10 y
log10 y
1 log10 x 2
1
log10 100
2
1
2
1
log10 x log10 y 1 log10 x 2 log10 y 1
2
1
2
log10
x2
y
1
4
x2
y
1
4
10
x2
16
4
y
10
625
10
4
Class Exercise - 5
b
1
2
Simplify
5logb x
and 7
3
4
2log7 8
Solution :
(i)
b
1
2
34
(ii) 7
5logb x
1
2log7 8 2
3
1 2
log7 8 2
5
log x
2 b
5
logb x 2
5
2
8
1
2
3
log7 81/ 2
2
3
2
3
4
Class Exercise - 6
Simplify logx 4 log 2 16 log 3 64 12
x
and x = 2k then k is
(a) 0.25
(b) 0.5
(c) 1
(d) 2
Solution :
logx 4 log 2 16 log 3 64 12
x
12
2
3
log x log x
log x
1
2
1
3
log 4 log16
log64
12
log x
log x
log x
3 log 4
3
12 log x
log 4
log x
12
12
log x 2log x 3 log x
log 4 log 4 log 4
12
log x log x log x
, evaluate xx yy zz.
yz zx xy
Solution :
log x log y log z
yz zx xy
say
y log y yz xy
zlogz zx yz
xx.yy.zz = 1
a b c a
loga
b c a b
logb
c a b c
logc
a b c a
loga
b c a b
logb
c a b c
logc
say
Solution Cont.
bloga alogb 2abc
ab ba bc cb c aac
Class Exercise - 8
Find characteristic, mantissa and log of
each of the following
(i) 67.77
(ii) .0087
Solution :
= 0.8311
log 67.77 = 1 + 0.8311 = 1.8311
Solution Cont.
(ii) 0.087 = 8.7 103
Characteristic = 3
Mantissa = log (8.7) = 0.(9395 + 0)
= 0.9395
Class Exercise 9
Find the antilogarithm of each
of the following
(i) 4.5851
(ii) 0.7214
Solution
(i) Antilog(4.5851)
= .(3846 + 1) 105
= 38470
(ii) Antilog(0.7214) = Antilog(1 + 1 0.7214)
Class Exercise - 10
If a sum of money amounts to Rs.
100900 in 31 years at 25% per annum
compound interest, find the sum.
Solution
r
A P 1
100
25
100900 P 1
100
P
100900
1.25
31
P 1.25
31
31
Solution Cont.
= 0.0037 + 5 31 (0.0969)
= 5.0037 3.0039
= 1.9998
log P = 1.9998
P = Antilog (1.9998)
= 0.9995 102
= 99.95
Thank you